Benzothiazole compounds and their pharmaceutical use

ABSTRACT

The invention provides compounds of formula I: or a salt thereof as described herein. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I, processes for preparing compounds of formula I, intermediates useful for preparing compounds of formula I and therapeutic methods for treating the proliferation of the HIV virus, treating AIDS or delaying the onset of AIDS or ARC symptoms in a mammal using compounds of formula I.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. application Ser. No. 61/477,922, filed Apr. 21, 2011, which application is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and related diseases are a major public health problem worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes three enzymes which are required for viral replication: reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase. Although drugs targeting reverse transcriptase and protease are in wide use and have shown effectiveness, particularly when employed in combination, toxicity and development of resistant strains have limited their usefulness (Palella, et al N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338:853-860; Richman, D. D. Nature (2001) 410:995-1001). Accordingly, there is a need for new agents that inhibit the replication of HIV. There is also a need for agents that are directed against alternate sites in the viral life cycle including agents that target the interaction of Lens Epithelial Derived Growth Factor (LEDGF/p75) and HIV-1 integrase.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds and methods for the treatment of an HIV infection. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides a compound of the invention which is a compound of formula I:

wherein:

G¹ is S, G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a single bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or

G¹ is N, G² is S, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a double bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or

G¹ is S, G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a single bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen (e.g. “(wavy bond)-R⁵″ is “═O”);

R¹ is R^(1a) or R^(1b);

R² is R^(2a) or R^(2b);

R³ is R^(3a) or R^(3b);

R^(3′) is R^(3a′) or R^(3b′);

R⁴ is R^(4a) or R^(4b);

R⁵ is R^(5a) or R^(5b);

R⁶ is R^(6a) or R^(6b);

R^(1a) is selected from:

a) halo;

b) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R₁₁ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

R^(1b) is selected from:

a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇) carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₁-C₆) carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —X(C₁-C₆)haloallyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle; wherein aryl heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

f) (C₁-C₆)haloallyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f); wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl, as part of a group, is independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and

h) nitro and cyano;

R^(2a) is selected from:

a) halo;

b) R¹¹, C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

-   -   c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰,         —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰,         —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰,         wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl         and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, wherein each R¹¹ is independently         selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹,         —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently         selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and         heteroaryl;

R^(2b) is selected from:

a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₆)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl and X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle, wherein aryl heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NRA_(f), wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl, as part of a group, is independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

h) nitro and cyano;

or R¹ and R² together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle, wherein the 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle are optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

or R¹ and R² together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle, wherein the 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z⁷ or Z⁸ groups, or wherein when two Z⁷ groups are on same atom the two Z⁷ groups together with the atom to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle;

R^(3a) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle and —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-hetero cycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl of R^(1a) is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) groups selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, oxo and —CN; and

R^(3a′) is H;

R^(3b) is —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylOH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)R_(b), —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-OC(O)—NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—OR_(b), —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—NR_(a)R_(b), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heteroaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylOC(O)—NR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—OR_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(a), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl or —SO₂heterocycle, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heteroaryl or heterocycle of R^(3b), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z′ groups; and

R^(3b′) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl; or

R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a heterocycle or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, which heterocycle or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle of R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(4a) is selected from aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl of R^(4a) is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo;

R^(4b) is selected from;

a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle, wherein (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle;

c) Spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heterocycle, wherein spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle; and

d) aryl, heteroaryl, Spiro-heterocycle, fused-heterocycle, or bridged-heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl, Spiro-heterocycle, fused-heterocycle and bridged-heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; or

R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached form a macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle, wherein any macroheterocycle or macrocarbocycle of R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and R^(3b′) is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

R^(5a) is selected from:

a) halo;

b) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R₁₁, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO²—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and a (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

R^(5b) is selected from:

a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₆)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

h) nitro and cyano;

i) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

and

j) oxo;

R^(6a) is selected from:

a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

b) —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—) N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylaryl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

R^(6b) is selected from:

a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alky and —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

g) —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

each X is independently selected from O, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylO—, —(C₁-C₆)allylC(O)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)O—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)— and —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂—;

each Z¹ is independently selected from halo, —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —CN, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)carbocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R₄, —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d);

each Z² is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, spiro-heterocycle, bridge-heterocycle, spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂NIZ_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z³ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —OH, oxo, ═NOR_(a), thioxo, aryl, -heterocycle, heteroaryl, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z⁴ is independently selected from halogen, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, oxo, thioxo, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z⁵ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteraryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heterocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)alkyl, —NR_(a)C(O)alkenyl, —NR_(a)C(O)alkynyl, —NR_(a)C(O) (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)aryl, —NR_(a)C(O)heteroaryl, —NR_(a)C(O)heterocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d) and —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b);

each Z⁶ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —NR_(a)R_(a), NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteraryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, wherein any aryl, of Z⁶, either alone or as part of a group, is otionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —CN or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

each Z⁷ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkenylOH, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-OH, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)haloalkylOH, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹², —(C₃-C₇)carbocycleOH, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(a), —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z⁷, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d).

each Z⁸ is independently selected from —NO₂ or —CN;

each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from

-   -   i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,         (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl,         —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and         —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂;     -   ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with —OH,         —O—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and     -   iii) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, which aryl, heterocycle         and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl         or COOH;

each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl;

each Z¹² is independently selected from —NO₂, thioxo, aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocyle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocyle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocyle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z¹³ is independently selected from —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —SH, —CN, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹³, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d);

each Z¹⁴ is independently selected from —NO₂, ═NOR_(a)—CN, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), wherein any —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle of Z¹⁴, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d);

each Z¹⁵ is independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups, and wherein any —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

each Z¹⁶ is independently selected from —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —SH, —CN, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O) (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)carbocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹⁶, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d);

each R_(a) is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(a), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, OH or cyano;

each R_(b) is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(b), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, OH and cyano;

R_(c) and R_(d) are each independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heterocycle, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(c) or R_(d), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, OH or cyano; or R, and R_(d) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocycle, wherein any heterocycle of R_(e) and R_(d) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, OH or cyano;

each R_(e) is independently selected from —OR_(a), (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; (C₂-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein any (C₂-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z₁ groups; and aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z₅ groups;

each R_(f) is independently selected from —R_(g), —OR_(a), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z⁶, —SO₂R_(g), —C(O)R_(g), C(O)OR_(g) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(g); and

each R_(g) is independently selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl of R_(g) is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z₁ groups;

or a salt thereof.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention also provides a method for treating (e.g. preventing, mediating or inhibiting) the proliferation of the HIV virus, treating AIDS or delaying the onset of AIDS or ARC symptoms in a mammal (e.g. a human), comprising administering a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal.

The invention also provides a method of treating an HIV infection in a mammal (e.g. a human) comprising administering a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal.

The invention also provides a method for treating an HIV infection in a mammal (e.g. a human) comprising administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting HIV protease inhibiting compounds, HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, gp41 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, gp120 inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, capsid polymerization inhibitors, and other drug for treating HIV, and combinations thereof.

The invention also provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medical therapy (e.g. for use in treating (e.g. preventing, mediating or inhibiting) the proliferation of the HIV virus or AIDS or delaying the onset of AIDS or ARC symptoms in a mammal (e.g. a human)).

The invention also provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medical therapy (e.g. for use in treating (e.g. preventing, mediating or inhibiting) an HIV infection in a mammal (e.g. a human)).

The invention also provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating (e.g. preventing, mediating or inhibiting) the proliferation of the HIV virus or AIDS or delaying the onset of AIDS or ARC symptoms in a mammal (e.g. a human).

The invention also provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment (e.g. prevention, mediation or inhibiting) of the proliferation of the HIV virus or AIDS or for use in the therapeutic treatment of delaying the onset of AIDS or ARC symptoms.

The invention also provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating an HIV infection in a mammal (e.g. a human).

The invention also provides a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of an HIV infection in a mammal (e.g. a human).

The invention also provides processes and intermediates disclosed herein that are useful for preparing compounds of formula I or salts thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

Unless stated otherwise, the following terms and phrases as used herein are intended to have the following meanings.

When trade names are used herein, applicants intend to independently include the tradename product and the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) of the tradename product.

“Alkyl” is hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary or tertiary atoms. For example, an alkyl group can have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₂₀)alkyl), 1 to 10 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₁₀)alkyl), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₈)alkyl) or 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₆ alkyl). Examples of suitable alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me, —CH₃), ethyl (Et, —CH₂CH₃), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, —CH(CH₃)₂), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, —C(CH₃)₃), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 1-hexyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-hexyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-hexyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₂CH₃)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (—C(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)C(CH₃)₃, and octyl (—(CH₂)₇CH₃). “Alkyl” also refers to a saturated, branched or straight chain hydrocarbon radical having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane. For example, an alkyl group can have 1 to 10 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₁₀)alkyl), or 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₆)alkyl) or 1-3 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₃)alkyl). Typical alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methylene (—CH₂—), 1,1-ethyl (—CH(CH₃)—), 1,2-ethyl (—CH₂CH₂—), 1,1-propyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)—), 1,2-propyl (—CH₂CH(CH₃)—), 1,3-propyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), 1,4-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and the like.

The term “halo” or “halogen” as used herein refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

The term “haloalkyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are each replaced by a halo substituent. For example, a (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl is a (C₁-C₆)alkyl wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halo substituent. Such a range includes one halo substituent on the alkyl group t to complete halogenation of the alkyl group.

The term “aryl” as used herein refers to a single aromatic ring or a bicyclic or multicyclic ring. For example, an aryl group can have 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Aryl includes a phenyl radical or an ortho-fused bicyclic or multicyclic radical having about 9 to 14 atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic (e.g. an aryl fused to one or more aryl or carbocycle). Such bicyclic or multicyclic rings may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups on any carbocycle portion of the bicyclic or multicyclic ring. It is to be understood that the point of attachment of a bicyclic or multicyclic radical, as defined above, can be at any position of the ring including an aryl or a carbocycle portion of the ring. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indenyl, naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like.

“Arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined herein in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom is replaced with an aryl radical as described herein (i.e., an aryl-alkyl-moiety). The alkyl group of the “arylalkyl” is typically 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e. aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl). Arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 1-phenylpropan-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl and the like.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to a single aromatic ring or a multiple condensed ring. The term includes single aromatic rings of from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and about 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the rings. The sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in an oxidized form provided the ring is aromatic. Such rings include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl or furyl. The term also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g. ring systems comprising 2 or 3 rings) wherein a heteroaryl group, as defined above, can be fused with one or more heteroaryls (e.g. naphthyridinyl), carbocycles (e.g. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolyl) or aryls (e.g. indazolyl) to form a multiple condensed ring. Such multiple condensed rings may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups on the carbocycle portions of the condensed ring. It is to be understood that the point of attachment of a heteroaryl multiple condensed ring, as defined above, can be at any position of the ring including a heteroaryl, aryl or a carbocycle portion of the ring. Exemplary heteroaryls include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl and thianaphthenyl.

The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” as used herein refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated ring or a multiple condensed ring. The term includes single saturated or partially unsaturated ring (e.g. 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered ring) from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and from about 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring. The ring may be substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups and the sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in their oxidized forms. Such rings include but are not limited to azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl or piperidinyl. The term also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g. ring systems comprising 2 or 3 rings) wherein a heterocycle group (as defined above) can be connected to two adjacent atoms (fused heterocycle) with one or more heterocycles (e.g. decahydronapthyridinyl), heteroaryls (e.g. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyridinyl), carbocycles (e.g. decahydroquinolyl) or aryls. It is to be understood that the point of attachment of a heterocycle multiple condensed ring, as defined above, can be at any position of the ring including a heterocyle, heteroaryl, aryl or a carbocycle portion of the ring. Exemplary heterocycles include, but are not limited to aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrooxazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl, benzoxazinyl, dihydrooxazolyl, chromanyl, 1,2-dihydropyridinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl and 1,4-benzodioxanyl.

The term “bridged-heterocycle” as used herein refers to a 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8-membered heterocycle as defined herein connected at two non-adjacent atoms of the 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8-membered heterocycle with one or more (e.g. 1 or 2) 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycles or (C₃-C₇)carbocycles as defined herein. Such bridged-heterocycles include bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems (e.g. 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 4-azatricyclo[4.3.1.1^(3,8)]undecane).

The term “spiro-heterocycle” as used herein refers to a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8-membered heterocycle as defined herein connected to one or more (e.g. 1 or 2) single atoms of the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8-membered heterocycle with one or more (e.g. 1 or 2) 3, 4, 5, 6-membered heterocycles or a (C₃-C₇)carbocycles as defined herein. Such spiro-heterocycles include bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems (e.g. 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-enyl).

The term “macroheterocycle” as used herein refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12-membered ring comprising about 5 to 11 carbon atoms and about 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring which may be optionally fused at two adjacent atoms of the macroheterocycle to one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) aryls, carbocycles, heteroaryls or heterocycles. The macroheterocycle may be substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups and the sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in their oxidized forms.

“Heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined herein in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom is replaced with a heteroaryl radical as described herein (i.e., a heteroaryl-alkyl-moiety). The alkyl group of the “heteroarylalkyl” is typically 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e. heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl). Heteroarylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to heteroaryl-CH₂—, heteroaryl-CH(CH₃)—, heteroaryl-CH₂CH₂—, 2-(heteroaryl)ethan-1-yl, and the like, wherein the “heteroaryl” portion includes any of the heteroaryl groups described above. One skilled in the art will also understand that the heteroaryl group can be attached to the alkyl portion of the heteroarylalkyl by means of a carbon-carbon bond or a carbon-heteroatom bond, with the proviso that the resulting group is chemically stable. Examples of heteroarylalkyls include by way of example and not limitation 5-membered sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing heteroaryls such as thiazolylmethyl, 2-thiazolylethan-1-yl, imidazolylmethyl, oxazolylmethyl, thiadiazolylmethyl, etc., 6-membered sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing heteroaryls such pyridinylmethyl, pyridizylmethyl, pyrimidylmethyl, pyrazinylmethyl, etc.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined herein in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom is replaced with a heterocyclyl radical as described herein (i.e., a heterocyclyl-alkyl-moiety). The alkyl group of the “heterocyclylalkyl” is typically 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e. heterocyclyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl). Typical heterocyclylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to heterocyclyl-CH₂—, heterocyclyl-CH(CH₃)—, heterocyclyl-CH₂CH₂—, 2-(heterocyclyl)ethan-1-yl, and the like, wherein the “heterocyclyl” portion includes any of the heterocyclyl groups described above. One skilled in the art will also understand that the heterocyclyl group can be attached to the alkyl portion of the heterocyclyl alkyl by means of a carbon-carbon bond or a carbon-heteroatom bond, with the proviso that the resulting group is chemically stable. Examples of heterocyclylalkyls include by way of example and not limitation 5-membered sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing heterocycles such tetrahydrofuranylmethyl and pyrroldinylmethyl, etc., and 6-membered sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing heterocycles such as piperidinylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl, morpholinylmethyl, etc.

The term “carbocycle” or “carbocyclyl” refers to a saturated (i.e., cycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (e.g., cycloalkenyl, cycloalkadienyl, etc.) ring having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle or a mutlicyclic ring system. In one embodiment the carbocycle is a monocycle comprising 3-6 ring carbons (i.e. (C₃-C₆)carbocycle). Carbocycle includes multicyclic carbocyles having 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle, and up to about 20 carbon atoms as a polycycle provided that the largest single ring of a multicyclic carbocycle is 7 carbon atoms. The term “spiro-bicyclic carbocycle” refers to a carbocycle bicyclic ring system wherein the rings of the bicyclic ring system are connected to a single carbon atom (e.g. spiropentane, spiro[4,5]decane, spiro[4.5]decane, etc). The term “fused-bicyclic carbocycle” refers to a carbocycle bicyclic ring system wherein the rings of the bicyclic ring system are connected to two adjacent carbon atoms such as as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system (e.g. decahydronaphthalene, norsabinane, norcarane). The term “bridged-bicyclic carbocycle” refers to a carbocycle bicyclic ring system wherein the rings of the bicyclic ring system are connected to two non-adjacent carbon (e.g. norbornane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, etc). The “carbocycle” or “carbocyclyl” may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups. Non-limiting examples of monocyclic carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl and 1-cyclohex-3-enyl.

The term “halocarbocycle” as used herein refers to a carbocycle as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are each replaced by a halo substituent. For example, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle is a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halo substituent. Such a range includes one halo substituent on the carbocycle group to complete halogentation of the carbocycle group.

The term “macrocarbocycle” as used herein refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12-membered ring comprising 8 to 12 carbon atoms which may be optionally fused at two adjacent atoms of the macrocarbocycle to one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) aryls, carbocycles, heteroaryls or heterocycles. The macrocarbocycle may be substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups.

“Carbocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined herein in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom is replaced with a carbocyclyl radical as described herein (i.e., a carbocyclyl-alkyl-moiety). The alkyl group of the “carbocyclylalkyl” is typically 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e. carbocyclyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl). Typical carbocyclyl alkyl groups include, but are not limited to carbocyclyl-CH₂—, carbocyclyl-CH(CH₃)—, carbocyclyl-CH₂CH₂—, 2-(carbocyclypethan-1-yl, and the like, wherein the “carbocyclyl” portion includes any of the carbocyclyl groups described above.

It is to be understood that when a variable is substituted, for example, as described by the phrase “(C₁-C₆)alkyl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted”, the phrase means that the variable (C₁-C₆)alkyl can be substituted when it is alone and that it can also be substituted when the variable “(C₁-C₆)alkyl” is part of a larger group such as for example an aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl or a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle group. Similarly, when stated, other variables (e.g. (C₁-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, etc.) can also be substituted “either alone or as part of a group.”

It is to be understood that certain variables of formula I that connect two chemical groups may be oriented in either direction. Thus, for the X group of formula I (e.g. O, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylO—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)O—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)— and —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂—) certain values of X that are not symmetric can be oriented in either direction. For example, the —C(O)O—, can be oriented as either —C(O)O— or —OC(O)—, relative to the groups it connects.

It is to be understood that the nitrogen that is included in the core of the compound of formula I can be present in an oxidized form. For example, the thiazole nitrogen of either G¹ or G² of formula I can be an N-oxide. Accordingly, the invention includes a compound of formula I (as defined in the summary of the invention) or a salt or N-oxide thereof.

One skilled in the art will recognize that substituents and other moieties of the compounds of formula I should be selected in order to provide a compound which is sufficiently stable to provide a pharmaceutically useful compound which can be formulated into an acceptably stable pharmaceutical composition. Compounds of formula I which have such stability are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention.

The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity).

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.

The term “stereoisomers” refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.

“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers or axes of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers typically have different physical properties, e.g., melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.

“Enantiomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.

Certain compounds of the invention can exist as atropisomers. For example, it has been discovered that atropisomers exist for certain substituents at the R⁴ position of formula I as marked by an asterisk in the formula below.

The chirality that results from the atropisomers at the asterisk position is a feature of certain compounds of the invention. Accordingly, the invention includes all atropisomers of compounds of the invention including mixtures of atropisomers and well as mixtures that are enriched in an atropisomer as well as single atropisomers, which mixtures or compounds possess the useful properties described herein.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are greater than 50% a single atropisomer for the R⁴ substituent at the asterisk position. In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 60% a single atropisomer for the R⁴ substituent at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 70% a single atropisomer for the R⁴ substituent at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 80% a single atropisomer for the R⁴ substituent at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 90% a single atropisomer for the R⁴ substituent at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 95% a single atropisomer for the R⁴ substituent at the asterisk position. In one embodiment the stereochemistry for the R⁴ substituent at the carbon marked with an asterisk as shown above for Formula I is the (R) stereochemistry. In another embodiment the stereochemistry for the R⁴ substituent at the carbon marked with an asterisk as shown above for Formula I is the (S) stereochemistry.

For certain compounds of the invention the stereochemistry at the carbon bearing the R³ substituent of formula I as marked by an asterisk in the formula below is another aspect of the invention.

In one embodiment the stereochemistry at the carbon marked with an asterisk as shown above for Formula I is the (S) stereochemistry. In another embodiment the stereochemistry at the carbon marked with an asterisk as shown above for Formula I is the (R) stereochemistry.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are greater than 50% a stereoisomer for the carbon at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 60% a single stereoisomer for the carbon at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 70% a single stereoisomer for the carbon at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 80% a single stereoisomer for the carbon at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 90% a single steroisomer for the carbon at the asterisk position. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention of formula I are at least 95% a single stereoisomer for the carbon at the asterisk position

The term “treatment” or “treating,” to the extent it relates to a disease or condition includes preventing the disease or condition from occurring, inhibiting the disease or condition, eliminating the disease or condition, and/or relieving one or more symptoms of the disease or condition.

Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds (1994) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes (D and L) or (R and S) are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes d and l or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another. A specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process. The terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.

Protecting Groups

In the context of the present invention, protecting groups include prodrug moieties and chemical protecting groups.

“Protecting group” refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole. Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection/deprotection are well known in the art. See e.g., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, Theodora W. Greene, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991.

Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g., making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion. Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, lipophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools. Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.

Protected compounds may also exhibit altered, and in some cases, optimized properties in vitro and in vivo, such as passage through cellular membranes and resistance to enzymatic degradation or sequestration. In this role, protected compounds with intended therapeutic effects may be referred to as prodrugs. Another function of a protecting group is to convert the parental drug into a prodrug, whereby the parental drug is released upon conversion of the prodrug in vivo. Because active prodrugs may be absorbed more effectively than the parental drug, prodrugs may possess greater potency in vivo than the parental drug. Protecting groups are removed either in vitro, in the instance of chemical intermediates, or in vivo, in the case of prodrugs. With chemical intermediates, it is not particularly important that the resulting products after deprotection, e.g., alcohols, be physiologically acceptable, although in general it is more desirable if the products are pharmacologically innocuous.

Protecting groups are available, commonly known and used, and are optionally used to prevent side reactions with the protected group during synthetic procedures, i.e. routes or methods to prepare the compounds of the invention. For the most part the decision as to which groups to protect, when to do so, and the nature of the chemical protecting group “PG” will be dependent upon the chemistry of the reaction to be protected against (e.g., acidic, basic, oxidative, reductive or other conditions) and the intended direction of the synthesis. PGs do not need to be, and generally are not, the same if the compound is substituted with multiple PG. In general, PG will be used to protect functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, thio, or amino groups and to thus prevent side reactions or to otherwise facilitate the synthetic efficiency. The order of deprotection to yield free deprotected groups is dependent upon the intended direction of the synthesis and the reaction conditions to be encountered, and may occur in any order as determined by the artisan.

Various functional groups of the compounds of the invention may be protected. For example, protecting groups for —OH groups (whether hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, or other functions) include “ether- or ester-forming groups”. Ether- or ester-forming groups are capable of functioning as chemical protecting groups in the synthetic schemes set forth herein. However, some hydroxyl and thio protecting groups are neither ether- nor ester-forming groups, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, and are included with amides, discussed below.

A very large number of hydroxyl protecting groups and amide-forming groups and corresponding chemical cleavage reactions are described in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991, ISBN 0-471-62301-6) (“Greene”). See also Kocienski, Philip J.; Protecting Groups (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 1994), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In particular Chapter 1, Protecting Groups: An Overview, pages 1-20, Chapter 2, Hydroxyl Protecting Groups, pages 21-94, Chapter 3, Diol Protecting Groups, pages 95-117, Chapter 4, Carboxyl Protecting Groups, pages 118-154, Chapter 5, Carbonyl Protecting Groups, pages 155-184. For protecting groups for carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphonate, sulfonic acid and other protecting groups for acids see Greene as set forth below.

Stereoisomers

The compounds of the invention may have chiral centers, e.g., chiral carbon or phosphorus atoms. The compounds of the invention thus include racemic mixtures of all stereoisomers, including enantiomers, diastereomers, and atropisomers. In addition, the compounds of the invention include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric, chiral atoms. In other words, the chiral centers apparent from the depictions are provided as the chiral isomers or racemic mixtures. Both racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers isolated or synthesized, substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, are all within the scope of the invention. The racemic mixtures can be separated into their individual, substantially optically pure isomers through well-known techniques such as, for example, the separation of diastereomeric salts formed with optically active adjuncts, e.g., acids or bases followed by conversion back to the optically active substances. In most instances, the desired optical isomer is synthesized by means of stereospecific reactions, beginning with the appropriate stereoisomer of the desired starting material.

The compounds of the invention can also exist as tautomeric isomers in certain cases. Although only one delocalized resonance structure may be depicted, all such forms are contemplated within the scope of the invention. For example, ene-amine tautomers can exist for purine, pyrimidine, imidazole, guanidine, amidine, and tetrazole systems and all their possible tautomeric forms are within the scope of the invention.

Salts and Hydrates

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth metal (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX₄ ⁺ (wherein X is C₁-C₄ alkyl). Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a hydrogen atom or an amino group include for example salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound of a hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na⁺ and NX₄ ⁺ (wherein X is independently selected from H or a C₁-C₄ alkyl group).

For therapeutic use, salts of active ingredients of the compounds of the invention will typically be pharmaceutically acceptable, i.e. they will be salts derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base. However, salts of acids or bases which are not pharmaceutically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a compound of formula I or another compound of the invention. All salts, whether or not derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present invention.

Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound of this invention. Examples of metal salts which are prepared in this way are salts containing Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺. A less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by addition of the suitable metal compound.

In addition, salts may be formed from acid addition of certain organic and inorganic acids, e.g., HCl, HBr, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄ or organic sulfonic acids, to basic centers, typically amines, or to acidic groups. Finally, it is to be understood that the compositions herein comprise compounds of the invention in their un-ionized, as well as zwitterionic form, and combinations with stoichiometric amounts of water as in hydrates.

Also included within the scope of this invention are the salts of the parental compounds with one or more amino acids. Any of the natural or unnatural amino acids are suitable, especially the naturally-occurring amino acids found as protein components, although the amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, e.g., lysine, arginine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine.

Specific values listed below for radicals, substituents, and ranges in the embodiments of the invention are for illustration only; they do not exclude other defined values or other values within defined ranges for the radicals and substituents.

Isotopes

It is understood by one skilled in the art that this invention also includes any compound claimed that may be enriched at any or all atoms above naturally occurring isotopic ratios with one or more isotopes such as, but not limited to, deuterium (²H or D). As a non-limiting example, a —CH₃ group may be substituted with —CD₃.

Compounds of Formula I.

A specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ia:

or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ib:

or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ic:

wherein R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ic′:

wherein R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Id:

wherein R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Id′:

wherein R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ie:

or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ie′:

or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula If:

wherein R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula If

wherein R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ig:

wherein:

G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or

G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen (e.g. “(wavy bond)-R⁵” is “═O”).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ig′:

wherein:

G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or

G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen (e.g. “(wavy bond)-R⁵” is “═O”).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ih:

wherein:

G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or

G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen (e.g. “(wavy bond)-R⁵” is “═O”).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ih′:

wherein:

G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or

G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen (e.g. “(wavy bond)-R⁵” is “═O”).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula II:

wherein:

G¹ is S; G² is N; the dashed bond connected to G^(I) is a single bond and the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond; or

G¹ is N; G² is S; the dashed bond connected to G^(I) is a double bond and the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond; or a salt thereof.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ij:

or a salt thereof.

Specific embodiments of the invention (e.g. embodiments) and specific values listed below are embodiments and values for compounds of formula I including all of the compounds of sub-fomulas of formula I (e.g. the compounds of formulas Ia, Ib, Ic, Ic′, Id, Id′, Ie, Ie,′ If, If′, Ig, Ig′, Ih, Ih′ and Ia100-Ia145)

A specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴ or R⁵ is selected from R^(1b), R^(2b), R^(3b), R^(3b′), R^(4b) or R^(5b).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein at least two of R¹, R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴ or R⁵ is selected from R^(1b), R^(2b), R^(3b), R^(3b′), R^(4b) or R^(5b).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein at least three of R¹, R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴ or R⁵ is selected from R^(1b), R^(2b), R^(3b), R^(3b′), R^(4b) or R^(5b).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein at least four of R¹, R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴ or R⁵ is selected from R^(1b), R^(2b), R^(3b), R^(3b′), R^(4b) or R^(5b).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein at least five of R¹, R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴ or R⁵ is selected from R^(1b), R^(2b), R^(3b), R^(3b′), R^(4b) or R^(5b).

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein at R¹, R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴ and R⁵ are R^(1b), R^(2b), R^(3b), R^(3b′), R^(4b) and R^(5b).

A specific value for R¹ is H.

Another specific value for R¹ is H or halo.

Another specific value for R¹ is H or F.

A specific value for R^(3′) is H.

A specific value for R³ is R^(3b).

A specific value for R^(3b) is —OC(CH₃)₂CH₂OH, —OC(CH₃)₂CH₂OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NH₂, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—N(CH₃)₂ or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NH(phenyl).

Another specific value for R^(3b) is —(C₁-C₆)alkylOH or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(c)R_(d).

Another specific value for R³ is R^(3a).

A specific value for R^(3a) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₂-C₆)alkenyl of R^(3a) is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, oxo and —CN.

Another specific value for R^(3a) is —OC(CH₃).

A specific value for R^(3′) is R^(3b′).

A specific value for R^(3b′) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

A specific value for R^(3′) is R^(3a′).

A specific value for R^(3a′) is H.

A specific value for R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₂-C₆)alkenyl of R^(3a) is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, oxo and —CN.

A specific value for R³ is —OC(CH₃)₃.

A specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein the compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ih:

wherein:

-   -   G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and         the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or     -   G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the         wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen.

A specific group of compounds of fomula I are compounds wherein R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle; wherein the (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of fomula I are compounds wherein R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or a 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle; wherein the (C₃-C₆)carbocycle or the 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a (C₄-C₆)carbocycle or a 5 or 6-membered heterocycle; wherein the (C₄-C₆)carbocycle or the 5 or 6-membered heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a 5 or 6-membered heterocycle; wherein the 5 or 6-membered heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a tetrahydropyran or tetrahydrofuran optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form:

each of which is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and wherein “*” denotes the point of attachment to the carbon of the compound of formula I.

A specific value for R⁴ is R^(4b).

A specific value for R^(4b) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific value for R^(4b) is:

optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific value for R^(4b) is (C₃-C₇)carbocycle; wherein (C₃-C₇)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₆)carbocycle or 5-6-membered heterocycle.

Another specific value for R^(4b) is:

each of which is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific value for R^(4b) is aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl; wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific value for R^(4b) is:

Another specific value for R⁴ is R^(4a).

A specific value for R^(4a) is:

Another specific value for R^(4a) is:

Another specific value for R^(4a) is:

A specific value for R⁴ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl of R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)allyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo; and

b) aryl, heteroaryl, spiro-, fused-, or bridged-heterocycle; wherein aryl, heteroaryl, or spiro-, fused-, or bridged-heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

Another specific value for R⁴ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl of R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo; and

b) aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

Another specific value for R⁴ is selected from aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl of R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo.

Another specific value for R⁴ is:

Another specific value for R⁴ is:

A specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached form a macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle wherein any macroheterocycle or macrocarbocycle of R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached may be optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and R^(3′) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached form a macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle wherein any macroheterocycle or macrocarbocycle of R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached may be optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and R^(3′) is H.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached form the macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle which is further fused to a Z group;

wherein:

Z is aryl, heteroaryl or (C₃-C₆)carbocycle;

n3 is 2, 3 or 4;

W¹ and W² are each independently O, NH or CH₂; and

wherein “*” denotes the R⁴ point of attachment of the macroheterocycle or macrocarbocycle to the compound of formula I and “**” denotes the R³ point of attachment of the macroheterocycle or macrocarbocycle to the compound of formula I; and wherein the macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein, R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached form the macroheterocycle:

wherein:

n1 is 3 or 4; n2 is 2, 3 or 4; n3 is 2, 3 or 4; W is O, NH or N(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and wherein “*” denotes the R⁴ point of attachment of the macroheterocycle to the compound of formula I and “**” denotes the R³ point of attachment of the macroheterocycle to the compound of formula I; and wherein the macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups

A specific value for R² is R^(2b).

Another specific value R² is R^(2a).

A specific value for R^(2a) is H, halo or —CH₃.

Another specific value for R^(2a) is Cl.

A specific value for R² is halo, H or (C₁-C₆)allyl.

Another specific value for R² is halo, H or —CH₃.

Another specific value for R² is H or —CH₃.

Another specific value for R² is H or (C₁-C₆)allyl.

Another specific value for R² is (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific value for R² is —CH₃.

Another specific value for R⁵ is R^(5a).

Another specific value for R^(5a) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R₁₀, heterocycle or heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups.

Another specific value for R^(5a) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹¹ or heterocycle.

Another specific value for R^(5a) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹.

A specific value for R¹¹ is aryl.

Another specific value for R¹¹ is carbocycle or aryl.

Another specific value for R¹¹ is carbocycle.

Another specific value for R^(5a) is —N(R⁹)R¹⁰.

A specific value for R⁹ is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

A specific value for R¹¹ is H or (C₁-C₆)allyl.

Another specific value for R⁹ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or —C(═O)—R¹¹.

Another specific value for R¹¹ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or —C(═O)—R¹¹.

A value for Z⁹ is “each Z⁹ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)allyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl”.

A specific value for R^(5a) is:

Another specific value for R^(5a) is:

A specific value for R⁵ is R^(5b).

Another specific value for R^(5b) is —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle.

Another specific value for R^(5b) is:

A specific value for R⁵ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, heterocycle or —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle.

A specific value for R⁵ is:

Another specific value for R⁵ is:

Another specific value for R⁵ is:

A specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹⁰ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R₁₁, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

c) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₆)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)allyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

e) oxo.

Another specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹ and —O—R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl is each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

c) —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —NR_(e)R_(f) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f); and

e) oxo.

Another specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹ and —O—R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

c) —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

d) —NR_(e)R_(f) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f).

Another specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹ and —O—R¹¹, wherein heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups and wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —C(O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

c) —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

d) —NR_(e)R_(f) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f).

Another specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

A specifc group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R⁵ is oxo and R⁶ is selected from R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups.

Another specifc group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R⁵ is oxo and R⁶ is selected from:

A specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R^(4b) is selected from;

a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle, wherein (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) Spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heterocycle, wherein spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heteroocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

d) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R^(4b) is selected from;

a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle, wherein (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle; and

c) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein R^(4b) is selected from;

a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle, wherein (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound of the invention which is a compound of formula I:

wherein:

G¹ is S; G² is N; the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a single bond and the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond; or

G¹ is N; G² is S; the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a double bond and the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond;

R¹ is R^(1a) or R^(1b);

R² is R^(2a) or R^(2b);

R³ is R^(3a) or R^(3b);

R³ is R^(3a′) or R^(3b′);

R⁴ is R^(4a) or R^(5b);

R⁵ is R^(5a) or R^(5b);

R^(1a) is selected from:

a) halo;

b) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹⁰ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

R^(1b) is selected from:

a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇) carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₆) carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alicyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alicyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or -halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z³; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle; wherein spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle are optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and wherein (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and (C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle; wherein aryl heteroaryl and heterocycle are each substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

f) (C₁-C₆)haloallyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)allyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f′), wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and

h) nitro and cyano

R^(2a) is selected from:

a) halo;

b) R¹¹, C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl;

each R¹⁰ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

R^(2b) is selected from:

a) —(C₁-C₆)allyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or -halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z³; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle; wherein spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle are optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₆)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and wherein (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and (C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups;

e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle; wherein aryl heteroaryl and heterocycle are each substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f); wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

h) nitro and cyano;

R^(3a) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle and —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl; wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl of R^(3a) is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) groups selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, oxo and —CN; and

R^(3a′) is H;

R^(3b) is —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylOH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)allyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alicyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₂-C₆)allynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)R_(b), —(C₂-C₆)alkylOC(O)—NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—OR_(b), —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—NR_(a)R_(b), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-halo(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heteroaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylOC(O)—NR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—OR_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-halo(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)allyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-halo(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl or —SO₂heterocycle; wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heteroaryl or heterocycle of R^(3b) is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

R^(3b′) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl; or

R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a heterocycle or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle which heterocycle or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle of R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(4a) is selected from aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl of R^(4a) is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)allyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo;

R^(4b) is selected from;

a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle; wherein (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle;

c) Spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heterocycle; wherein spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle; and

d) aryl, heteroaryl, spiro-, fused-, or bridged-heterocycle; wherein aryl, heteroaryl, or spiro-, fused-, or bridged-heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; or

R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached form a macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle wherein any macroheterocycle or macrocarbocycle of R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and R^(3b′) is H or (C₁-C₆)allyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

R^(5a) is selected from:

a) halo;

b) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹⁰ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl;

R^(5b) is selected from:

a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₆)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or -halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z³; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle; wherein spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle are optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle; wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and wherein (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl and (C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle; wherein aryl heteroaryl are heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; where (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f); wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

h) nitro and cyano;

or R¹ and R² together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle; wherein the 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z⁷ or Z⁸ groups; wherein when two Z⁷ groups are on same atom the two Z⁷ groups together with the atom to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle;

X is independently selected from O, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylO—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)O—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂—;

each Z¹ is independently selected from halo, —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —SH, —CN, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, -aryl, -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O) (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)carbocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹ is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d);

each Z² is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, spiro-heterocycle, bridge-heterocycle, spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z³ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —OH, oxo, ═NOR_(a), thioxo, aryl, heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —Ohalo(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O) (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NRA_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z⁴ is independently selected from halogen, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, -halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, oxo, ═NOR_(a), thioxo, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z⁵ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteraryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heterocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)alkyl, —NR_(a)C(O)alkenyl, —NR_(a)C(O)alkynyl, —NR_(a)C(O) (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)aryl, —NR_(a)C(O)heteroaryl, —NR_(a)C(O)heterocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d) and —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b);

each Z⁶ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —NR_(a)R_(a), NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, -aryl, -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —Ohalo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂halo(C₁-C₆)allyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteraryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl.

each Z⁷ is independently selected from —NO₂, ═NOR_(a), —CN, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkenylOH, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-OH, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)haloalkylOH, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹², —(C₃-C₇)carbocycleOH, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), aryl, -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z⁷ is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d).

each Z⁸ is independently selected from —NO₂ or —CN;

each Z⁹ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from

-   -   i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,         (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl,         —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and         —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂;     -   ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with —OH,         —O—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and     -   iii) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, which aryl, heterocycle         and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl         or COOH;

each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl;

each Z¹² is independently selected from —NO₂, ═NOR_(a), thioxo, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —Ohalo(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —Shalo(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(O)halo(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocyle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl;

each Z¹³ is independently selected from —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —SH, —CN, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d); wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹³ is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d);

each Z¹⁴ is independently selected from —NO₂, ═NOR_(a), —CN, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a); wherein any —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle of Z¹⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d);

each R_(a) is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-; wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(a) is optionally substituted by halogen, OH and cyano;

each R_(b) is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-; wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(b) is optionally substituted by halogen, OH and cyano;

R_(c) and R_(d) are each independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)allyl-, heterocycle, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl- wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(c) or R_(d) is optionally substituted by halogen, OH and cyano; or R_(c) and R_(d) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocycle; wherein any hetereocycle of R_(c) and R_(d) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is optionally substituted by halogen, OH or cyano;

each R_(e) is independently selected from —OR_(a), (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle is substituted by one or more Z₆ and optionally substituted with one or more Z₁; —(C₂-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, or —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl wherein any haloalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more Z₁; aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl wherein aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl is substituted by one or more Z₅;

each R_(f) is independently selected from —R_(g), —OR_(a), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z⁶, —SO₂R_(g), —C(O)R_(g), C(O)OR_(g), or —C(O)NR_(e)R_(g); and

each R_(g) is independently selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl of R_(g) is optionally substituted with one or more Z₁ groups;

or a salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula I are selected from:

and salts thereof.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula I are selected from:

and salts thereof.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula I are selected from:

and salts thereof.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I are selected from:

and salts thereof.

General Synthetic Procedures

Schemes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are provided as further embodiments of the invention and illustrate general methods which were used to prepare compounds of formula I and which can be used to prepare additional compounds of formula I.

The benzothiazole intermediate 2B can be converted to the final compound 2C by the methods used to convert 1C to 1M as outlined in Scheme 1.

The benzothiazole intermediate 3E can be converted to the final compound 2C by the methods used to convert 1C to 1D and 1F to 1M as outlined in Scheme 1.

The benzothiazole intermediate 4A can be converted to the final compound 4B by the methods used to convert 1C to 1D and 1F to 1M as outlined in Scheme 1 wherein HNRR represents an HNR⁹R¹⁰, HNIZ_(e)R_(f) or a heterocycle (when R and R taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a ring).

The benzothiazoline intermediate 4S can be converted to the final compound 4T by the methods used to convert 1C to 1M as outlined in Scheme 1.

The benzothiazoline intermediate 4V can be converted to the final compound 4W by the methods used to convert 1C to 1M as outlined in Scheme 1.

A specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

A specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

R^(3′) is H.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H; and

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H;

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; and

R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

A specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

A specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

R^(3′) is H.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H; and

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H;

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)allyl; and

R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific value for R⁵ is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

R^(3′) is H.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R^(1i) is H; and

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein

R⁵ is selected from aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H;

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; and

R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

R^(3′) is H.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H; and

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H;

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)allyl; and

R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)allyl.

Another specific value for R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl;

wherein each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from:

-   -   i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,         (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl,         —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)allyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and         —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂;     -   ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl substituted with —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, or         —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and     -   iii) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, which aryl, heterocycle         and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl         or COOH; and

each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H;

each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from:

-   -   i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,         (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl,         —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)allyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and         —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂;     -   ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl substituted with —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, or         —O—(C_(r)—C₆)alkyl; and     -   iii) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, which aryl, heterocycle         and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl         or COOH; and

each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H;

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from:

-   -   i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,         (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloallyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl,         —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)allyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and         —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂;     -   ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl substituted with —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, or         —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and     -   iii) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, which aryl, heterocycle         and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl         or COOH; and

each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl.

Another specific group of compounds of formula I are compounds wherein:

R⁵ is selected from:

a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups;

b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and

c) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups;

R^(3′) is H; R¹ is H;

R² is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from:

-   -   i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,         (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl,         —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and         —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂;     -   ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl substituted with —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, or         —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and     -   iii) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, which aryl, heterocycle         and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl         or COOH; and

each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl.

Another specific value for R⁵ is:

In one embodiment of the invention the compound of formula I is selected from a compound of formulas Ia100-Ia145 (e.g. compounds Ia100, Ia101, Ia102, Ia103, Ia104, Ia105, Ia106, Ia107, Ia108, Ia109, Ia110, Ia111, Ia112, Ia113, Ia114, Ia115, Ia116, Ia117, Ia118, Ia119, Ia120, Ia121, Ia122, Ia123, Ia124, Ia125, Ia126, Ia127, Ia128, Ia129, Ia130, Ia131, Ia132, Ia133, Ia134, Ia135, Ia136, Ia137, Ia138, Ia139, Ia140, Ia141, Ia142, Ia143, Ia144, Ia145):

and salts thereof.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula I are selected from the compounds of formulas Ia100-Ia145 wherein:

R¹ is H; R² is methyl, R^(3′) is H; R³ is —OtBu; and

R⁴ is:

and salts thereof.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I are selected from the compounds of formulas Ia100-Ia145 wherein:

R¹ is H; R² is methyl, R^(3′) is H; R³ is —OtBu; and

R⁴ is:

and salts thereof.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I are selected from the compounds of formulas Ia100-Ia145 wherein:

R¹ is H; R² is methyl, R^(3′) is H; R³ is —OtBu; and

R⁴ is:

and salts thereof.

In another embodiment of the invention, the compounds of formula I are selected from the compounds of formulas Ia100-Ia145 wherein:

R¹ is H; R² is methyl, R^(3′) is H; R³ is —OtBu; and

R⁴ is:

and salts thereof.

In one embodiment of the invention the compounds of formula I are selected from the compounds of formulas Ia100-Ia145 wherein R^(3′) is H; R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl and the stereochemistry of the carbon bearing the R³ (—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl) group is (S).

In another embodiment of the invention the compounds of formula I are selected from the compounds of formulas Ia100-Ia145 wherein R^(3′) is H; R³ is —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl and the stereochemistry of the carbon bearing the R³ (—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl) group is (R).

In one embodiment of the invention, the compounds of formula I are selected from:

and salts thereof.

Prodrugs

In one embodiment, the invention provides for a prodrug of a compound of the invention. The term “prodrug” as used herein refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates a compound of the invention that inhibits the replication of HIV (“the active inhibitory compound”). The compound may be formed from the prodrug as a result of: (i) spontaneous chemical reaction(s), (ii) enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), (iii) photolysis, and/or (iv) metabolic chemical reaction(s).

“Prodrug moiety” refers to a labile functional group which separates from the active inhibitory compound during metabolism, systemically, inside a cell, by hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage, or by some other process (Bundgaard, Hans, “Design and Application of Prodrugs” in A Textbook of Drug Design and Development (1991), P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Eds. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 113-191). Enzymes which are capable of an enzymatic activation mechanism with the prodrug compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, amidases, esterases, microbial enzymes, phospholipases, cholinesterases, and phosphases. Prodrug moieties can serve to enhance solubility, absorption and lipophilicity to optimize drug delivery, bioavailability and efficacy. A prodrug moiety may include an active metabolite or drug itself.

Exemplary prodrug moieties include the hydrolytically sensitive or labile acyloxymethyl esters CH₂OC(═O)R⁹⁹ and acyloxymethyl carbonates CH₂C(═O)OR⁹⁹ where R⁹⁹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ substituted alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl or C₆-C₂₀ substituted aryl. The acyloxyalkyl ester was first used as a prodrug strategy for carboxylic acids and then applied to phosphates and phosphonates by Farquhar et al. (1983) J. Pharm. Sci. 72: 24; also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,570, 4,968,788, 5,663,159 and 5,792,756. Subsequently, the acyloxyalkyl ester was used to deliver phosphonic acids across cell membranes and to enhance oral bioavailability. A close variant of the acyloxyalkyl ester, the alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester (carbonate), may also enhance oral bioavailability as a prodrug moiety in the compounds of the combinations of the invention. An exemplary acyloxymethyl ester is pivaloyloxymethoxy, (POM) —CH₂C(═O)C(CH₃)₃. An exemplary acyloxymethyl carbonate prodrug moiety is pivaloyloxymethylcarbonate (POC) —CH₂C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

Aryl esters of phosphorus groups, especially phenyl esters, are reported to enhance oral bioavailability (De Lombaert et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37: 498). Phenyl esters containing a carboxylic ester ortho to a phosphate have also been described (Khamnei and Torrence, (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39:4109-4115). Benzyl esters are reported to generate parent phosphonic acids. In some cases, substituents at the ortho- or para-position may accelerate the hydrolysis. Benzyl analogs with an acylated phenol or an alkylated phenol may generate the phenolic compound through the action of enzymes, e.g., esterases, oxidases, etc., which in turn undergoes cleavage at the benzylic C—O bond to generate phosphoric acid and a quinone methide intermediate. Examples of this class of prodrugs are described by Mitchell et al. (1992) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II 2345; Glazier WO 91/19721. Still other benzylic prodrugs have been described containing a carboxylic ester-containing group attached to the benzylic methylene (Glazier WO 91/19721). Thio-containing prodrugs are reported to be useful for the intracellular delivery of phosphonate drugs. These proesters contain an ethylthio group in which the thiol group is either esterified with an acyl group or combined with another thiol group to form a disulfide. Deesterification or reduction of the disulfide generates the free thio intermediate which subsequently breaks down to the phosphoric acid and episulfide (Puech et al. (1993) Antiviral Res., 22: 155-174; Benzaria et al. (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39: 4958).

Combination Therapy

In one embodiment, the invention provides for a method for treating an HIV infection, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating an HIV infection.

In one embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For example, the therapeutic agent used in combination with the compound of the present invention can be any anti-HIV agent.

In one embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of HIV protease inhibiting compounds, HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, gp41 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, gp120 inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, capsid polymerization inhibitors, and other drug for treating HIV, and combinations thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of:

(1) HIV protease inhibiting compounds selected from the group consisting of amprenavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, tipranavir, brecanavir, darunavir, TMC-126, TMC-114, mozenavir (DMP-450), JE-2147 (AG1776), L-756423, RO0334649, KNI-272, DPC-681, DPC-684, GW640385X, DG17, PPL-100, DG35, and AG 1859;

(2) HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase selected from the group consisting of capravirine, emivirine, delaviridine, efavirenz, nevirapine, (+) calanolide A, etravirine, GW5634, DPC-083, DPC-961, DPC-963, MIV-150, and TMC-120, rilpivirene, BILR 355 BS, VRX 840773, UK-453061, and RDEA806;

(3) HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase selected from the group consisting of zidovudine, emtricitabine, didanosine, stavudine, zalcitabine, lamivudine, abacavir, amdoxovir, elvucitabine, alovudine, MIV-210, ±-FTC, D-d4FC, emtricitabine, phosphazide, fozivudine tidoxil, apricitibine (AVX754), amdoxovir, KP-1461, and fosalvudine tidoxil (formerly HDP 99.0003);

(4) HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase selected from the group consisting of tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, GS-7340 (Gilead Sciences), adefovir, adefovir dipivoxil, CMX-001 (Chimerix) or CMX-157 (Chimerix)

(5) HIV integrase inhibitors selected from the group consisting of curcumin, derivatives of curcumin, chicoric acid, derivatives of chicoric acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, derivatives of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid, derivatives of aurintricarboxylic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, derivatives of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, tyrphostin, derivatives of tyrphostin, quercetin, derivatives of quercetin, S-1360, AR-177, L-870812, and L-870810, raltegravir, BMS-538158, GSK364735C, BMS-707035, MK-2048, BA 011 and dolutegravir;

(6) gp41 inhibitors selected from the group consisting of enfuvirtide, sifuvirtide, FB006M, and TRI-1144;

(7) the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD-070;

(8) the entry inhibitor SP01A;

(9) the gp120 inhibitor BMS-488043;

(10) the G6PD and NADH-oxidase inhibitor immunitin;

(11) CCR5 inhibitors selected from the group consisting of aplaviroc, vicriviroc, maraviroc, PRO-140, INCB15050, PF-232798 (Pfizer), and CCR5 mAb004;

(12) other drugs for treating HIV selected from the group consisting of BAS-100, SPI-452, REP 9, SP-01A, TNX-355, DES6, ODN-93, ODN-112, VGV-1, PA-457 (bevirimat), HRG214, VGX-410, KD-247, AMZ 0026, CYT 99007A-221 HIV, DEBIO-025, BAY 50-4798, MDX010 (ipilimumab), PBS 119, ALG 889, and PA-1050040 (PA-040).

In another embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with two, three, four or more additional therapeutic agents. For example, a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, is combined with two, three, four or more additional therapeutic agents selected from the classes of HIV protease inhibiting compounds, HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, gp41 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, gp120 inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, capsid polymerization inhibitors and other drug for treating HIV. The two, three four or more additional therapeutic agents can be different therapeutic agents selected from the same class of therapeutic agents, or they can be selected from different classes of therapeutic agents.

In one embodiment, the invention provides for a combination pharmaceutical agent comprising:

a) a compound of the invention (e.g. a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof; and

b) at least one additional active agent which is suitable for treating an HIV infection.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a combination pharmaceutical agent comprising:

a) a compound of the invention (e.g. a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

b) at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of HIV protease inhibiting compounds, HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, gp41 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, gp120 inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, capsid polymerization inhibitors and other drug for treating HIV.

It is also possible to combine any compound of the invention with one or more other active therapeutic agents in a unitary dosage form for simultaneous or sequential administration to a patient. The combination therapy may be administered as a simultaneous or sequential regimen. When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.

It is also possible to co-administer a compound of the invention with one or more other active therapeutic agents. Co-administration of a compound of the invention with one or more other active therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound of the invention and one or more other active therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of the invention and one or more other active therapeutic agents are both present in the body of the patient.

Co-administration includes administration of unit dosages of the compounds of the invention before or after administration of unit dosages of one or more other active therapeutic agents, for example, administration of the compounds of the invention within seconds, minutes, or hours of the administration of one or more other active therapeutic agents. For example, a unit dose of a compound of the invention can be administered first, followed within seconds or minutes by administration of a unit dose of one or more other active therapeutic agents. Alternatively, a unit dose of one or more other therapeutic agents can be administered first, followed by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the invention within seconds or minutes. In some cases, it may be desirable to administer a unit dose of a compound of the invention first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of one or more other active therapeutic agents. In other cases, it may be desirable to administer a unit dose of one or more other active therapeutic agents first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the invention.

The combination therapy may provide “synergy” and “synergistic effect”, i.e. the effect achieved when the active ingredients used together is greater than the sum of the effects that results from using the compounds separately. A synergistic effect may be attained when the active ingredients are: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined formulation; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by some other regimen. When delivered in alternation therapy, a synergistic effect may be attained when the compounds are administered or delivered sequentially, e.g., in separate tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes. In general, during alternation therapy, an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e. serially, whereas in combination therapy, effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together.

In yet another embodiment, the present application provides a method for treating an HIV infection comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of HIV protease inhibiting compounds, HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, gp41 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, gp120 inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, capsid polymerization inhibitors, and other drug for treating HIV.

In yet another embodiment, the present application provides a method for treating an HIV infection comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of:

(1) HIV protease inhibiting compounds selected from the group consisting of amprenavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, tipranavir, brecanavir, darunavir, TMC-126, TMC-114, mozenavir (DMP-450), JE-2147 (AG1776), L-756423, RO0334649, KNI-272, DPC-681, DPC-684, GW640385X, DG17, PPL-100, DG35, and AG 1859;

(2) HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase selected from the group consisting of capravirine, emivirine, delaviridine, efavirenz, nevirapine, (+) calanolide A, etravirine, GW5634, DPC-083, DPC-961, DPC-963, MW-150, and TMC-120, rilpivirene, BILR 355 BS, VRX 840773, UK-453061, and RDEA806;

(3) HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase selected from the group consisting of zidovudine, emtricitabine, didanosine, stavudine, zalcitabine, lamivudine, abacavir, amdoxovir, elvucitabine, alovudine, MIV-210, ±-FTC, D-d4FC, emtricitabine, phosphazide, fozivudine tidoxil, apricitibine (AVX754), amdoxovir, KP-1461, and fosalvudine tidoxil (formerly HDP 99.0003);

(4) HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase selected from the group consisting of tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, GS-7340 (Gilead Sciences), adefovir, adefovir dipivoxil, CMX-001 (Chimerix) or CMX-157 (Chimerix)

(5) HIV integrase inhibitors selected from the group consisting of curcumin, derivatives of curcumin, chicoric acid, derivatives of chicoric acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, derivatives of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid, derivatives of aurintricarboxylic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, derivatives of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, tyrphostin, derivatives of tyrphostin, quercetin, derivatives of quercetin, S-1360, AR-177, L-870812, and L-870810, raltegravir, BMS-538158, GSK364735C, BMS-707035, MK-2048, BA 011 and dolutegravir;

(6) gp41 inhibitors selected from the group consisting of enfuvirtide, sifuvirtide, FB006M, and TRI-1144;

(7) the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD-070;

(8) the entry inhibitor SP01A;

(9) the gp120 inhibitor BMS-488043;

(10) the G6PD and NADH-oxidase inhibitor immunitin;

(11) CCR5 inhibitors selected from the group consisting of aplaviroc, vicriviroc, maraviroc, PRO-140, INCB15050, PF-232798 (Pfizer), and CCR5 mAb004;

(12) other drugs for treating HIV selected from the group consisting of BAS-100, SPI-452, REP 9, SP-01A, TNX-355, DES6, ODN-93, ODN-112, VGV-1, PA-457 (bevirimat), HRG214, VGX-410, KD-247, AMZ 0026, CYT 99007A-221 HIV, DEBIO-025, BAY 50-4798, MDX010 (ipilimumab), PBS 119, ALG 889, and PA-1050040 (PA-040).

Pharmaceutical Formulations

The compounds of this invention are formulated with conventional carriers and excipients, which will be selected in accord with ordinary practice. Tablets will contain excipients, glidants, fillers, binders and the like. Aqueous formulations are prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally will be isotonic. All formulations will optionally contain excipients such as those set forth in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (1986). Excipients include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like. The pH of the formulations ranges from about 3 to about 11, but is ordinarily about 7 to 10.

While it is possible for the active ingredients to be administered alone it may be preferable to present them as pharmaceutical formulations. The formulations, both for veterinary and for human use, of the invention comprise at least one active ingredient, as above defined, together with one or more acceptable carriers and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and physiologically innocuous to the recipient thereof.

The formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques and formulations generally are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

A tablet is made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered active ingredient moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and optionally are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therefrom.

For administration to the eye or other external tissues e.g., mouth and skin, the formulations are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in an amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w (including active ingredient(s) in a range between 0.1% and 20% in increments of 0.1% w/w such as 0.6% w/w, 0.7% w/w, etc.), preferably 0.2 to 15% w/w and most preferably 0.5 to 10% w/w. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredients may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base.

If desired, the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG 400) and mixtures thereof. The topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethyl sulphoxide and related analogs.

The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.

Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the invention include Tween® 60, Span® 80, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.

The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties. The cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers. Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils are used.

Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present invention comprise one or more compounds of the invention together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients and optionally other therapeutic agents. Pharmaceutical formulations containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When used for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Aqueous suspensions of the invention contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients include a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). The aqueous suspension may also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

Oil suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oral suspensions may contain a thickening agent, such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules of the invention suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent, and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those disclosed above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butane-diol or prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. For example, a time-release formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions (weight:weight). The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared to provide easily measurable amounts for administration. For example, an aqueous solution intended for intravenous infusion may contain from about 3 to 500 μg of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30 mL/hr can occur.

Formulations suitable for administration to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active ingredient. The active ingredient is preferably present in such formulations in a concentration of 0.5 to 20%, advantageously 0.5 to 10% particularly about 1.5% w/w.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.

Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal administration have a particle size for example in the range of 0.1 to 500 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 0.1 and 500 microns in increments microns such as 0.5, 1, 30 microns, 35 microns, etc.), which is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the alveolar sacs. Suitable formulations include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient. Formulations suitable for aerosol or dry powder administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.

The formulations are presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injection, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.

The invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one active ingredient as above defined together with a veterinary carrier.

Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials which are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ingredient. These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route.

Compounds of the invention can also be formulated to provide controlled release of the active ingredient to allow less frequent dosing or to improve the pharmacokinetic or toxicity profile of the active ingredient. Accordingly, the invention also provides compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention formulated for sustained or controlled release.

Effective dose of active ingredient depends at least on the nature of the condition being treated, toxicity, whether the compound is being used prophylactically (lower doses), the method of delivery, and the pharmaceutical formulation, and will be determined by the clinician using conventional dose escalation studies.

Routes of Administration

One or more compounds of the invention (herein referred to as the active ingredients) are administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated. Suitable routes include oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural), and the like. It will be appreciated that the preferred route may vary with for example the condition of the recipient. An advantage of the compounds of this invention is that they are orally bioavailable and can be dosed orally.

The antiviral properties of a compound of the invention may be determined using Test A described below.

Test A: Antiviral Assays in MT4 Cells

For the antiviral assay utilizing MT-4 cells, 0.4 pt of 189× test concentration of 3-fold serially diluted compound in DMSO was added to 40 μL of cell growth medium (RPMI 1640, 10% FBS, 1% penicilline/Streptomycine, 1% L-Glutamine, 1% HEPES) in each well of 384-well assay plates (10 concentrations) in quadruplicate.

1 mL aliquots of 2×10e6 MT-4 cells are pre-infected for 1 and 3 hrs respectively, @ 37° C. with 25 uL (MT4) or of either cell growth medium (mock-infected) or a fresh 1:250 dilution of an HIV-IIIb concentrated ABI stock (0.004 m.o.i. for MT4 cells). Infected and uninfected cells are diluted in cell growth medium and 35 uL of 2000 (for MT4) cells is added to each well of the assay plates.

Assay plates were then incubated in a 37° C. incubator. After 5 days of incubation, 25 μl of 2× concentrated CellTiter-Glo™ Reagent (catalog #G7573, Promega Biosciences, Inc., Madison, Wis.) was added to each well of the assay plate. Cell lysis was carried out by incubating at room temperature for 2-3 min and then chemiluminescence was read using the Envision reader (PerkinElmer).

Compounds of the present invention demonstrate antiviral activity in this assay (Test A) as depicted in the table below. Accordingly, the compounds of the invention may be useful for treating the proliferation of the HIV virus, treating AIDS or delaying the onset of AIDS or ARC symptoms

Compound Number EC50 (nM) 5L 2950 7 257 8K 641 9 118 10 121 12 113 14 718 14b 480 21 14.9 22 170 35 12.7 36 6211 40 722 41 923 42 10.3 43 5090 44 18.7 45 67.0 46 16.8 47 26500 48 67.0 49 13300 50 52.8 51 5250 52 53.4 53 37500 54 274 55 53000 56 62.4 57 147 58 3520 59 149 60 34510 61 987 62 4880 63 351 64 53000 66 22.5 68 292 70 80.8 71 984 72 29.8 73 52.2 74 650 76 26 78 726 79 45900 80 136 81 27400 82 40.2 83 93.2 84 14900 85 66.4 86 61.7 87 1570 88 13.3 89 36.6 92 353 93 1420 95 655 97 1240 98 2510 99 560

In certain embodiments, the compounds demonstrate an EC50 of <50 μM. In certain embodiments, the compounds demonstrate an EC50 of <30 μM. In certain embodiments, the compounds demonstrate an EC50 of <10 μM. In certain embodiments, the compounds demonstrate an EC50 of <1 μM.

The specific pharmacological responses observed may vary according to and depending on the particular active compound selected or whether there are present pharmaceutical carriers, as well as the type of formulation and mode of administration employed, and such expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with practice of the present invention.

The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.

The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples.

Example 1 Preparation of tert-butoxy-[7-chloro-5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-methyl-quinolin-6-yl]-acetic acid (5L)

(S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (5L): A stock solution of periodic acid/chromium trioxide was prepared according to WO 99/52850 by dissolving periodic acid (11.4 g, 50.0 mmol) and chromium trioxide (23 mg, 1.2 mol %) in wet acetonitrile (0.75% H₂O) to a volume of 114 mL. This stock solution (0.090 mL) was added to a solution of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ypethanol (5K) (5 mg, 0.013 mmol) in wet acetonitrile (1.0 mL, 0.75% H2O) at 0° C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 hour at 0° C. Then more stock solution (0.2 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC (Gemini, 10 to 95% ACN/H2O+0.1% TFA). Product lyophilized to give a white powder. ¹H-NMR: 300 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 9.06 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.42 (m, 4H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 0.86 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₀H₂₀ClNO₃S: 390.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 390.1 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethanol (5K) Step 1.

Preparation of 6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (5A): To a solution of 4-methoxy-3-methylbenzenamine (1.05 g, 7.66 mmol) in acetic acid (30 ml) at 0° C. as added KSCN with heavy stirring. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 45 min. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and bromine was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The precipitate was collected, washed by acetic acid, dichloromethane, minimal water and dried under high vacuum to give the product as brown yellow solid. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₉H₁₀N₂OS: 195.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 195.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 2.

Preparation of 6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (5B): To a solution of 6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (5A) (1.24 g, 6.42 mmol) in H₃PO₄ (5 mL) at 0° C., was added NaNO₂ (2.2 g, 32 mmol) in minimal amount of water. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. The reaction mixture was then transferred to ice-cold hypophosphorous acid (50%, 5 ml) and slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature until gas evolution ceases. Solid Na₂CO₃ was added to neutralize the reaction and the mixture was extracted by ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₉H₉NOS: 180.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 180.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 3.

Preparation of 5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (5C): To a suspension of 6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (5B) (160 mg, 0.89 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added boron tribromide (1 M in dichlormethane, 1.8 ml) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by adding a saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with dichlormethane and trace MeOH. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column (0-100% Ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₈H₇NOS: 166.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 166.2 (M+H⁺).

Step 4.

Preparation of 7-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (5D): To a suspension of 5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (5C) (140 mg, 0.84 mmol) in acetic acid (5 ml), was added bromine (40 μL) slowly. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The precipitate was collected, washed with acetic acid, water and dried under high vacuum. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₈H₆BrNOS: 244.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 244.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 5.

Preparation of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (5E): The reaction mixture of 7-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (5D) (90 mg, 0.37 mmol), 4-chlorophenyl boronic acid (86 mg, 0.55 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (40 mg, 0.037 mmol), K₂CO₃ (153 mg, 1.11 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1 ml)/H₂O(0.5 ml) was heated at 110° C. in the microwave for 10 min. Then the reaction mixture was diluted with water, extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₄H₁₀ClNOS: 276.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 276.2 (M+H⁺).

Step 6.

Preparation of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-6-vinylbenzo[d]thiazole (5G): To a solution of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (5E) (107 mg, 0.39 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL)/pyridine (1 mL) at 0° C., was added trifluoromethanesulfonyl acid anhydride (130 μL, 0.80 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Then the reaction was quenched by adding saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted by ethyl ecetate. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated to give 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (5F) which was used in next step without purification.

7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (5F) from above reaction was dissolved in DMF (3 ml). Tributylvinyltin (130 uL), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (27 mg, 0.039 mmol) and LiCl (49 mg, 1.17 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 120° C. in microwave for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted by ethyl acetate, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column (0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₆H₂₀ClNS: 286.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 286.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 7.

Preparation of (S)-1-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ypethane-1,2-diol (5H): A biphasic mixture of AD mix-α (1.5 g) in tert-butanol (5 mL)/H₂O (5 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-6-vinylbenzo[d]thiazole (5G) (0.050 g, 0.175 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 0° C. Sodium sulfite (1.5 g) was added at 0° C., then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 30 min to give a white mixture. Mixture was diluted with ethyl ecetate and H₂O. Extracted with ethyl ecetate (3×) and combined organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 0 to 100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the product.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₆H₁₄ClNO₂S: 320.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 320.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 8.

Preparation of (S)-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl pivalate (5I): To a solution of (S)-1-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethane-1,2-diol (5H) (0.018 g, 0.056 mmol) in pyridine (0.5 mL)/dichoromethane (1 mL) was added trimethylacetyl chloride (0.010 mL, 0.081 mmol). Reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and additional trimethylacetyl chloride (0.020 ml 0.081 mmol) was added and left it overnight at room temperature. More trimethylacetyl chloride (0.030 ml, 0.242 mmol) was added to the mixture and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 0 to 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₂₂ClNO₃S: 404.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 404.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 9.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (5J): A solution of (S)-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl pivalate (5I) (0.016 g, 0.040 mmol) and perchloric acid, 70% (6 μl, 0.1 mmol) in tert-butyl acetate (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Reaction mixture was quenched with solid sodium bicarbonate (0.05 g) for 1 h. Saturated sodium bicarbonate solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 0 to 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₅H₃₀ClNO₃S: 460.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 460.2 (M+H⁺).

Step 10.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethanol (5K): To a solution of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (5J) (8 mg, 0.0174 mmol) in MeOH (0.5 mL) and THF (1 mL) was added sodium hydroxide (2 M, 0.1 mL, 0.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Reaction mixture diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Aqueous layer back-extracted with ethyl acetate and combined organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 0 to 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₀H₂₂ClNO₂S: 376.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 376.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 2 Preparation of 2-cyclopropyl-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (6B)

Step 1.

To a solution of 2-bromo-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (6A) (720 mg, 2.8 mmol) in dioxane (10 ml), was added cyclopropyl boronic acid (722 mg, 8.4 mmol), potassium phosphate (2.3 g, 10.9 mmol), PdCl₂dppf (294 mg, 0.40 mmol). The mixture was reacted at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, washed with water, extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₂H₁₃NOS: 220.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 220.2 (M+Fr).

Step 2.

Preparation of (2-bromo-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (6A): To a solution of t-butylnitrite (5.17 ml, 43.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 ml) was added coppeer (II) bromide (7.2 g, 32.2 mmol) slowly. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for half hour. Then the reaction mixture was put to a 60° C. oil bath and 6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (5A) (4.2 g, 21.76 mmol) was added slowly. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature; washed with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₉H₈BrNOS: 257.9 (M+H⁺); Found: 258.0 (M+H⁺).

Example 3 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dimethylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (7)

Compound 7 was synthesized from compound 6A according to the procedure used to prepare compound 6B (except that trimethylboxine was used instead of cyclopropyl boronic acid) followed by the procedures to convert compound 5B to compound 5L as outlined in Example 1. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.51 (m, 4H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 404.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 404.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 4 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(7-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-isobutyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (8J) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(2-isobutyl-5-methyl-7-phenylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (8K)

The mixture of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (8E) (56 mg, 0.13 mmol), Pd/C (200 mg) in EtOH (5 ml) and EtOAc (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of H₂ for 30 min, which gave a mixture of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-isobutyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (8F) and 2-isobutyl-5-methyl-7-phenylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (8G). The reaction mixture was filtered over celite, concentrated and taken on to next step without purification.

The mixture was converted to a mixture of compound 8J and compound 8K by the same steps used to convert compound 5E to compound 5L as outlined in Example 1. The mixture of compounds 8J and 8K were separated by reverse phase HPLC to provide the pure compounds.

Compound 8J: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.50 (m, 4H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 2.92 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.17-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.01-0.99 (m, 6H), 0.95 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 446.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 446.2 (M+H⁺).

Compound 8K: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.50 (m, 5H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 2.92 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (d, J=0.4 Hz, 3H), 2.17-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.01-0.99 (m, 6H), 0.92 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 412.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 412.2 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (8E) Step 1.

Preparation of 7-bromo-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (8A). To a solution of 6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (5A) (1.0 g, 5.15 mmol) in H₂SO₄ at 0° C., was added NBS (550 mg, 3.07 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then the reaction mixture was poured to ice-water, neutralized by 50% KOH solution to pH about 3. The precipitation was collected, washed by water and dried over high vacuum. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₉H₉BrN₂OS: 273.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 273.0 (M+H⁺).

Step 2.

Preparation of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (8B). The mixture of 7-bromo-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (8A) (1.72 g, 6.32 mmol), 4-chlorophenyl boronic acid (1.2 g, 7.67 mmol), K₂CO₃ (2.63 g, 18.9 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (364 mg, 0.315 mmol) in DME (8 ml) and H₂O (4 ml) was reacted in microwave at 110° C. for 1 h. Then 4-chlorophenyl boronic acid (100 mg, 0.64 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (100 mg, 0.086 mmol) were added and reacted in microwave at 110° C. for 0.5 h and 120° C. for 20 min. The reaction mixture was washed by water, extracted by EtOAc. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₅H₁₃ClN₂OS: 305.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 305.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 3.

Preparation of 2-bromo-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (8C). Compound 8C was synthesized from 8B according to the procedure used to prepare compound 6A of Example 2. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₅H₁₁BrClNOS: 367.9 (M+H⁺); Found: 368.0 (M+H⁺).

Step 4.

Preparation of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-methyl-2-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)benzo[d]thiazole (8D). The mixture of 2-bromo-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (8C) (0.153 g, 0.417 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.256 ml, 1.24 mmol), K₃PO₄ (0.35 g, 1.66 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (45 mg, 0.062 mmol) in DME (1 ml) and H₂O (0.5 ml) was reacted in microwave at 120° C. for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was washed by water, extracted by EtOAc. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₉H₁₈ClNOS: 344.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 344.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 5.

Preparation of 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (8E). Compound 8E was synthesized from compound 8D according to the procedure used to prepare compound 5C of Example 1.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₉H₁₆ClNOS: 330.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 330.2 (M+H⁺).

Example 5 Preparation of Compound (9)

Compound 9 was synthesized from 8C by the method to used convert compound 8C to compound 8J as outlined in Example 4, except that tributylvinyltin was used in first the cross coupling reaction according to the procedure used to prepare compound 5G of Example 1. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.51 (m, 4H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 3.11-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 1.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 418.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 418.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 6 Preparation of Compound (10)

Compound 10 was synthesized from compound 8C by the method used to convert compound 8C to compound 8J as outlined in Example 4, except that cyclopropylboronic acid, was used in first the cross coupling reaction. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.61-7.49 (m, 4H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.41-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.26-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.14-1.10 (m, 2H), 0.94 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 430.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 430.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 7 Preparation of Compound 12

Compound 12 was synthesized from compound 11 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 8J from compound 8D as outlined in Example 4. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD): 7.62-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 3.27 (s, 6H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 433.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 433.1 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of 6-methoxy-N,N,5-trimethylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (11). To a solution of 2-bromo-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (8C) (135 mg, 0.37 mmol) in DMF (2 ml), was added dimethylamine in THF (2M, 0.46 ml, 0.92 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. After the reaction finished, the reaction was cooled and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₇H₁₇ClN₂OS: 333.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 333.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 8 Preparation of Compound 14

Compound 14 was synthesized from compound 13 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 8J from compound 8D as outlined in Example 4. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.50 (m, 4H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 1.61-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.03-1.01 (m, 2H), 0.94 (s, 1H), 0.91-0.88 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 454.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 454.1 (M+H⁺).

Compound 14b was obtained as a side-product of Compound 14.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.55 (m, 5H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 2.91 (t, J=3 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₅H₂₄ClNO₄S: 470.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 470.1 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of 2-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole (13). To a solution of 2-bromo-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d] thiazole (8C) (188 mg, 0.512 mmol) in THF (3 ml), was added ethynylcyclopropane (0.09 ml, 1.2 mmol), CuI (10 mg, 0.052 mmol), Et₃N (0.36 ml, 2.58 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (19 mg, 0.026 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2hs. The reaction mixture was washed by water, extracted by EtOAc. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₀H₁₆ClNOS: 354.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 354.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 9 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-cyclopropyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (21) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-2-cyclopropyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (22)

Compounds 21 and 22 were prepared from compounds 19 and 20 by the method to used convert compound 5J to compound 5L as outlined in Example 1.

Compound 21: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.77 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.80 (m, 3H), 7.40 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 4.72-4.68 (m, 2H), 3.64 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.33 (m, 1H), 1.23-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.10-1.07 (m, 2H), 0.90 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 489.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 489.1 (M+H⁺).

Compound 22: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.66 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (s, 1H), 4.66 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.22-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.08-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.89 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₁H₁₈ClNO₃: 489.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 489.1 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of compound 19 and compound 20.

Step 1.

Preparation of 7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (15). Compound 15 was prepared from compound 6B by the method used to prepare compound 5D from compound 5B as outlined in Example 1. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₄₁H₁₀BrNOS: 284.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 284.2 (M+H⁺).

Step 2.

Preparation of 7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (16). To a solution of 7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (15) (500 mg, 1.766 mmol) in DCM (8 ml) and 2,6-lutine (2 ml) at −78° C. was slowly added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.59 ml, 3.51 mmol). The temperature was allowed to slowly warm to 0° C. over 2 h. The reaction mixture was washed by saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with DCM. The organic phase was combined, dry over MgSO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₂H₉BrF₃NO₃S₂: 415.9 (M+H⁺); Found: 415.9 (M+H⁺).

Step 3.

Preparation of 7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-6-vinylbenzo[d]thiazole (17). To a solution of 7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (16) (410 mg, 0.988 mmol) in DMF (4 ml), was added tributylvinyltin (0.43 ml, 1.47 mmol), LiCl (125 mg, 2.94 mmol) and PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (70 mg, 0.096 mmol). The reaction mixture was reacted at 80° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled down, washed by saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted by EtOAc. The organic phase was combined, dry over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₃H₁₂BrNS: 294.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 294.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 4.

Preparation of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (18). Compound 18 was prepared from compound 17 by the method used to convert compound 5G to compound 5J as outlined in Example 1. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₂H₃₀BrN₂O₃S: 468.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 468.2 (M+H⁺).

Step 5.

Preparation of the (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-(2-cyclopropyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate isomers (19 and 20). To a solution of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (18) (23 mg, 0.047 mmol) in DMA (2 ml), was added 2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-ylboronic acid (25 mg, 0.099 mmol), 2N K₂CO₃ solution (0.11 ml, 0.22 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (6 mg, 0.005 mmol). The reaction mixture was reacted at 85° C. for 2hs. The reaction was cooled down, washed by saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted by EtOAc. The organic phase was combined, dry over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes. Two isomers were separated and went through the chemistry sequence as above. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₄S: 559.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 559.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 10 Preparation of (S)-2-((S)-2-(azetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (35) and (S)-2-((R)-2-(azetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (36)

To a solution of 34 (23 mg, 0.043 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) was added a solution of NaOH (2 M, ˜400 μL). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for 4 h. The reaction was brought to ˜pH 5 with TFA and was then purified by reverse phase HPLC (MeCN/H₂O containing 0.1% TFA) to give 6 mg of compound 35 and 10 mg of compound 36.

Compound 35: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.75 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (s, 1H), 4.67-4.65 (m, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 3.59-3.58 (m, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.52-2.50 (m, 2H), 0.88 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₈H₂₉N₃O₄S: 504.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 504.0 (M+H⁺).

Compound 36: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.67 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.60-4.57 (m, 2H), 4.27 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 4H), 3.48-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.54 (m, 2H), 0.80 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₈H₂₉N₃O₄S: 504.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 504.1 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of (2S)-ethyl 2-(2-(azetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (34).

Step 1.

Preparation of 2-bromo-5-methylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (24). To a solution of 5-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (23) (45.4 g, 360 mmol) in acetic acid (540 mL) was added bromine (19.4 mL, 378 mmol) over 5 min. After 30 min of stirring (with mechanical stirrer), the reaction mixture was filtered. The solid was left under high vacuum overnight and used in the subsequent step without further purification.

Step 2.

Preparation of 2-amino-5-methyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-7(4H)-one (25). To a solution of 24 in acetic acid (540 mL) was added sodium acetate (44.3 g, 540 mmol) and thiourea (28.8 g, 378 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred with a mechanical stirrer at 100° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was partially concentrated in vacuo. EtOAc was added (500 mL). The mixture was made basic with 1 M NaOH, and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 49.3 g of 25, which was taken on without further purification.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₈H₁₁N₂OS: 183.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 183.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 3.

Preparation of 2-bromo-5-methyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-7(4H)-one (26). To a solution of 25 (53.9 g, 296 mmol) in MeCN (600 mL) at 0° C., while mechanically stirred), was added copper (II) bromide (79.2 g, 355 mmol) then t-butyl nitrite (46.8 mL, 355 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred from 0° C. to room temperature over 2 h and was then partially concentrated. EtOAc (400 mL) and a 0.5 M HCl solution were added. The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with a brine solution. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was adsorbed on ˜150 g of silica then run through a plug of silica with 40% EtOAc/hexanes to give 58.3 g of 26. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 3.16 (dd, 1H. J=18, 4 Hz), 2.66 (m, 2H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.34 (dd, 111, J=16, 12 Hz), 1.19 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz). LCMS-ESr: calc'd for C₈H₉BrNOS: 245.9 (M+H⁺); Found: 246.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 4.

Preparation of 2-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-7-ol (27). To a solution of 26 (7.38 g, 30.0 mmol) in CCl₄ (90 mL) was added NBS (5.61 g, 31.5 mmol) and dibenzoyl peroxide (727 mg, 3.0 mmol). The reaction was heated at 90° C. in a sealed reaction vessel for about 4 h. Then DBU (6.73 mL, 45.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was added. The mixture was heated a reflux for 30 min, then a 1 M HCl solution was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were washed with a brine solution. The organic layer was then dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was adsorbed on ˜30 g of silica then run through a plug of silica with 40% EtOAc/hexanes to give 5.2 g of 27. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OH) δ: 7.25 (s, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₈H₇BrNOS: 243.9 (M+H⁺); Found: 244.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 5.

Preparation of ethyl 2-(2-bromo-7-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-hydroxyacetate (28). To a solution of 27 (3.90 g, 16.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (2.45 mL, 16.8 mmol) then a solution of titanium tetrachloride in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 M, 16.8 mL, 16.8 mmol). After 15 min, ethyl glyoxalate (50% in toluene, 3.49 mL, 17.6 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h while warming to room temperature. Water (50 mL) and a saturated solution of potassium sodium tartrate (50 mL) were added. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 2 h. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography to give 2.48 g of 28 and recovered ˜500 mg of 27. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OH) δ: 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.69 (s, 1H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.18 (t, 3H, J=7 Hz). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₂H₁₃BrNO₄S: 346.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 346.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 6.

Preparation of ethyl 2-(2-bromo-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-hydroxyacetate (29). To a solution of 28 (2.42 g, 7.00 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) at −78° C. was added triethylamine (1.02 mL, 7.70 mmol) followed by trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (1.24 mL, 7.35 mmol). After 15 min, saturated NH₄Cl was added. The layers were separated. The organic layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography to give 2.17 g of 29. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.84 (s, 1H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 4.27 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.23 (t, 3H, J=7 Hz). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₃H₁₂BrF₃NO₆S₂: 477.9 (M+H⁺); Found: 478.2 (M+H⁺).

Step 7.

Preparation of ethyl 2-(2-bromo-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-oxoacetate (30). To a solution of 29 (9.85 g, 20.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (9.61 g, 22.6 mmol). After 30 min, water (75 mL) and saturated Na₂S₂O₄ solution (75 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 min. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography to give 8.32 g of 30. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.91 (s, 1H), 4.40 (q, 2H, J=7 Hz), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (t, 3H, J=7 Hz).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₃H₁₀BrF₃NO₆S₂: 475.9 (M+H⁺); Found: 476.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 8.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-bromo-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-hydroxyacetate (31). To a solution of 30 (8.30 g, 17.4 mmol) in toluene (70 mL) was added ((R)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (725 mg, 2.61 mmol). The reaction mixture was then cooled to −35° C. and a solution of catecholborane (freshly distilled) (1 M in toluene, 20.9 mL, 20.9 mmol) was added via addition funnel over 30 min. The reaction was stirred for 20 min while warming to −20° C. A 2 M solution of Na₂CO₃ was added (50 mL). The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with additional Na₂CO₃ solution (3×25 mL). The organic layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 31, which had analytical data to match 29. The compound was taken on to the next step without further purification.

Step 9.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-bromo-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (32). To a solution of 31 (˜17 mmol) in t-butylacetate (70 mL) was added perchloric acid (1.23 mL, 20.4 mmol). After 3 h, water was added (50 mL). The layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes) to give 7.22 g of 32 and 1.58 g of 31. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OH) δ: 7.82 (s, 1H), 5.59 (s, 1H), 4.08-4.25 (m, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 1.20 (s, 9H), 1.16 (t, 3H, J=7 Hz). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₇H₂₀BrF₃NO₆S₂: 534.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 534.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 10.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-(azetidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (33). To a solution of 32 (50 mg, 0.094 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added azetidine (20 μL). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for 30 min. A saturated solution of NH₄Cl (3 mL) was added, and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes) to give 38 mg of 33. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₀H₂₅F₃N₂O₆S₂: 511.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 511.0 (M+H⁺).

Step 11.

Preparation of (2S)-ethyl 2-(2-(azetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (34). To a solution of 33 (38 mg, 0.075 mmol) in freshly distilled DME (1 mL) was added 2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-ylboronic acid hydrochloride (24 mg, 0.097 mmol), chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2-aminoethylphenyl)]palladium(II) methyl-t-butylether adduct, [SPhos Palladacycle] (5 mg, 0.0075 mmol), and cesium fluoride (46 mg, 0.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated in the microwave at 110° C. for 45 min. A saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (3 mL) was added, and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes) to give 21 mg of 34. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₃₀H₃₃N₃O₄S: 532.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 532.0 (M+H⁺).

Example 11 Preparation (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-carbamoyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (40)

Compound 40 was prepared from compound 39. To a solution of compound 39A (200 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added triethylamine (2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (100 μL). After 3 h, a saturated solution of NH₄Cl was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. A solution of THF and MeOH was added (1:1, 5 mL) followed by NaOH solution (2 M, 200 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 6 h. The mixture was made acidic with 1 M HCl. The crude mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC to give 10.8 mg of compound 40.

Compound 40. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.79 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.21 (s, 1H); 7.92 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.87 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 7.46 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 5.27 (s, 1H); 4.74-4.72 (m, 2H); 3.68 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.80 (s, 3H); 0.93 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₆H₂₅N₃O₅S: 492.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 492.1 (M+H⁺).

Compound 41 was a by-product in the preparation of 40.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₆H₂₄N₂O₆S: 493.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 493.1 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-carbamoyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetate (39).

Step 1.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 6-(1-tert-butoxy-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxylate (37). To a a solution of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-bromo-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (32) (1.07 g, 2.00 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)starmane (867 mg, 2.40 mmol), copper iodide (38 mg, 0.20 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (116 mg, 0.10 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 2.5 h. A saturated solution of NH₄Cl was added and EtOAc. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Methanol and CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 20 mL) added. The mixture was cooled to −78° C. and ozone (O₃) was bubbled through the solution for about 15 min until the reaction mixture was blue-green. Dimethysulfide (1 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at rt for 20 min. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes) to give 811 mg of 37.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃): δ 8.06 (s, 1H), 5.65 (s, 1H), 4.56 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.49 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (s, 9H), 1.16 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H).

Step 2.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 6-((S)-1-tert-butoxy-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxylate (38). To a solution of 37 (807 mg, 1.53 mmol) and CsF (1.02 g, 6.73 mmol) in distilled dimethoxyethane (15 mL) was added 2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-ylboronic acid (HCl salt, 770 mg, 3.06 mmol) and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2-aminoethylphenyl)]palladium(II) methyl-t-butylether adduct, [SPhos Palladacycle] (206 mg, 0.31 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 110° C. in a sealed tube for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and saturated solution of NaHCO₃ was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromagraphy (increasing EtOAc w/5% MeOH to hexanes) to give 224 mg of 38 and 348 mg of undesired atropisomer.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃): δ 8.54 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.55 (m, 2H), 4.41 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.37 (m, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 1.36 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H).

Step 3.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-carbamoyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-ypacetate (39). To a solution of 38 (224 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) was added NH₄OH (500 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and then concentrated in vacuo to give 220 mg of 39.

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₉N₃O₅S: 520.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 520.1, 493.07 (M+H⁺).

Example 12 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (42) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (43)

Compounds 42 and 43 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that dimethylamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 42: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.76 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 7.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.73 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 7.50 (s, 1H); 7.35 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 5.14 (s, 1H); 4.67 (m, 2H); 3.61 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H); 3.13 (s, 6H); 2.66 (s, 3H); 0.89 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESr (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₃₀N₃O₄S: 492.20 (M+H⁺); Found: 492.00, 493.07 (M+H⁺).

Compound 43: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.67 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.67-4.55 (m, 2H), 3.21 (s, 6H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 0.81 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₄S: 492.20 (M+H⁺); Found: 491.98, 492.96 (M+H⁺).

Compound 42A: LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₂₅F₃N₂O₆S₂: 499.1 (M+H); Found: 499.0 (M+H⁺).

Compound 42B: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.75 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H); 7.54 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.54 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.00-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.08 (s, 6H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 1.25-1.27 (m, 3H), 0.88 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₃O₄S: 520.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 520.0 (M+H⁺).

Example 13 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(ethyl(methyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (44)

Compound 44 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that methylethylamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 44: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.77 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (s, 1H), 4.67 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (dd, J=14.3, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 1.20 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₄S: 506.21 (M+H⁺); Found: 506.05, 507.00 (M+H⁺).

Example 14 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-(diethylamino)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (45)

Compound 45 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that diethylamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 45: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.90 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.71 (m, 2H), 3.66 (s, 6H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 1.95 (s, 4H), 1.29 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 6H), 0.90 (s, 8H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₃O₄S: 520.23 (M+H⁺); Found: 520.05, 521.13 (M+H⁺).

Example 15 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (46) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (47)

Compounds 46 and 47 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that N-methyl-N-isopropylamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 46: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.76 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (s, 1H), 4.67 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.23-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.59 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 1.23 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 6H), 0.89 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₃O₄S: 520.23 (M+H⁺); Found: 519.95, 521.00 (M+H⁺).

Compound 47: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.67 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.67-4.52 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.08 (s, 5H), 2.62 (s, 4H), 1.26 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 0.80 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₃₄N₃O₄S: 520.23 (M+H⁺); Found: 520.05, 521.08 (M+H⁺).

Example 16a Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(isobutylmethyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (48) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(isobutyl(methyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (49)

Compounds 48 and 49 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that N-methyl-N-isobuytlamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 48: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.77 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (s, 1H), 4.68 (dd, J=9.9, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 4H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 0.89-0.87 (m, 15H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₆N₃O₄S: 534.24 (M+H⁺); Found: 533.9 (M+H⁺).

Compound 49: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.69 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.62 (m, Hz, 2H), 3.50 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.04 (m, 1H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 0.83 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₆N₃O₄S: 534.24 (M+H⁺); Found: 534.04, 535.05 (M+H⁺).

Example 16b Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (50) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (51)

Compounds 50 and 51 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that pyrrolidine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 50: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.76 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 9.03-0.64 (m, 79H), 4.70-4.60 (m, 2H), 3.56 (dd, J=13.8, 7.7 Hz, 6H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.10 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 4H), 0.89 (s, 10H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₃O₄S: 518.21 (MAT); Found: 517.99, 518.97 (M+H⁺).

Compound 51: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.67 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 4.68-4.50 (m, 2H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.45 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 4H), 2.14 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 0.79 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₃O₄S: 518.21 (M+H⁺); Found: 518.07, 519.07 (M+H⁺).

Example 17 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-(3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (52) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-2-(3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (53)

Compounds 52 and 53 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that 2,2-difluoroazetidine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 52: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.80 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.76-4.64 (m, 2H), 4.56-4.43 (m, 4H), 3.65 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H). ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CD₃OD) δ −77.88 (s). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₈F₂N₃O₄S: 540.18 (M+H⁺); Found: 539.96, 540.96 (M+H⁺).

Compound 53: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.71 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 4.72-4.60 (m, 2H), 4.56-4.42 (m, 4H), 3.58 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₈F₂N₃O₄S: 540.18 (M+H⁺); Found: 539.98, 541.02 (M+H⁺).

Example 18 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(3-methoxyazetidin-1-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (54) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(3-methoxyazetidin-1-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (55)

Compounds 54 and 55 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that 2-methoxyazetidine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 54: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.78 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 4.73-4.64 (m, 2H), 4.41 (ddd, J=9.9, 6.2, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (td, J=7.7, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 4.02-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.62 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 4H), 0.91 (s, 11H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₃O₅S: 534.21 (M+H⁺); Found: 533.95, 534.97 (M+H⁺).

Compound 55: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.67 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.66-4.56 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.08-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.49 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 0.82 (s, 10H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₃O₅S: 534.21 (M+H⁺); Found: 534.03, 535.08 (M+H⁺).

Example 19 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(3-fluoroazetidin-1-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (56)

Compound 56 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that 2-fluoroazetidine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 56: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.79 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.58-5.38 (m, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 4.70 (td, J=5.9, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.49-4.35 (m, 2H), 4.28-4.12 (m, 2H), 3.63 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₃O₄S: 522.19 (M+H⁺); Found: 521.97, 523.02 (M+H⁺).

Example 20a Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-(3-methylazetidin-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (57)

Compound 57 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that 2-methylazetidine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 57: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: δ 8.92 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 3.12 (m, 1H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 1.35 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₃O₄S: 518.21 (M+H⁺); Found: 518.09, 519.12 (M+H⁺).

Example 20b Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-(3-(methylsulfonyl)azetidin-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (58)

Compound 58 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that 2-methylsulfonylazetidine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 58: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, cd₃od) δ 8.85 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.72 (dd, J=9.0, 6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.59-4.35 (m, 5H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₃O₆S: 582.17 (M+H⁺); Found: 581.95, 583.02 (M+H⁺).

Example 21 Preparation of (S)-2-(((S)-2-(((1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (59) and (S)-2-((R)-2-(((1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (60)

Compounds 59 and 60 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that 1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-N-methylmethanamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 59: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD): 8.81 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 5.07 (m, 1H), 4.69 (m, 2H), 3.91 (m, 2H), 3.82 (m, 2H), 3.63 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₃N₃O₆S: 564.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 564.1 (M+H⁺).

Compound 60: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.70 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 5.07 (m, 1H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 3.92 (m, 2H), 3.83 (m, 2H), 3.53 (m, 2H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₃N₃O₆S: 564.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 564.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 22 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (61) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (62)

Compounds 61 and 62 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that N1,N1,N2-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 61: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.78 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (m, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 4.67 (m, 2H), 4.11 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 1H), 3.63 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.02 (s, 6H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₄S: 549.3 (M+H⁺); Found: 549.0 (M+H⁺).

Compound 62: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.71 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=8 Hz), 7.70 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.66 (m, 2H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.98 (s, 1H), 3.59 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₄S: 549.3 (M+H⁺); Found: 549.0 (M+H⁺).

Example 23 Preparation of (2S)-2-(2-(benzyl(methyl)amino)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (63)

Compound 63 was prepared as a mixture of atropisomers from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that N-methyl-N-benzylamine was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 63: LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₃H₃₃N₃O₄S: 568.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 568.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 24 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-((2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl)(methyl)amino)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (64)

Compound 64 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 35 (except that N,N-dimethyl-2-(methylamino)acetamide was used instead of azetidine) in Example 10.

Compound 64: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.72 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8 Hz), 7.70 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.66 (m, 2H), 3.58 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₄O₅S: 563.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 563.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 25 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (66)

Compound 66: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.63 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H); 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.54 (s, 1H); 7.38 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 5.08 (s, 1H); 4.58-4.53 (m, 2H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 3.39 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.61 (s, 3H); 0.87 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₂₇N₂O₅S: 479.16 (M+H⁺); Found: 479.00, 480.02 (M+H⁺).

Step 1.

Preparation of 2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (65B). To a solution of 2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenol (65A) (58.0 g, 250 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL) at −70° C. was added triethylamine (45.3 mL, 325 mmol) then trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride (46.3 mL, 275 mmol). After 20 min, a solution of HCl was added (0.5 M, 500 mL). The layers were separated. The organic layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was run through a plug of SiO₂ and celite with 10% EtOAc in hexanes to give 90 g of 65B.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.40 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H).

Step 2.

Preparation of 1-bromo-3-methyl-5-nitro-2-vinylbenzene (65C): The reaction mixture of 2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (65B) (10.1 g, 27.7 mmol), tributylvinyltin (8.18 ml, 27.7 mmol), LiCl (1.4 g, 33.2 mmol), PdCl₂dppf (607 mg, 0.83 mmol) in DMF (50 ml) was reacted at 70° C. for 3 h. Then 2N NaOH was added and stirred at 70° C. for 5 min. The reaction mixture was cooled down, washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, dry over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 65C (1.9 g, 30%). ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.30 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=1 Hz, 1H), 6.71-6.64 (dd, J=18, 12 Hz, 1H), 5.77-5.74 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 5.51-5.46 (d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H).

Step 3.

Preparation of (S)-1-(2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (65D): The reaction mixture of 1-bromo-3-methyl-5-nitro-2-vinylbenzene (65C) (12.3 g, 50.83 mmol), AD-mix a (71 g), MeSO₂NH₂ (4.8 g, 50.8 mmol) in t-butyl alcohol/H2O (1:1) (200 ml) was stirred at 0° C. for 3 days. Na₂SO₃ (˜6 g) was added to quench the reaction, stirred at rt for 40 min. The reaction mixture was washed by water, extracted by EtOAc, dry over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 6.96 g of 65D and recovered 2.3 g of 65C.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.25 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J=11, 9 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J=11, 4 Hz), 2.66 (s, 3H).

Step 4.

Preparation of (S)-2-(2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl pivalate (65E): To a suspension of (S)-1-(2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (65D) (6.96 g, 25.22 mmol) in DCM (100 ml), was added pyridine (5 mL) at 0° C. To the solution was added pivaloyl chloride (PivCl) slowly at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min, then raised to rt, stirred at rt for 5 h. The reaction mixture was washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by DCM, dry over MgSO₄, filtered, purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-40% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 9.13 g of 65E. The product taken on without full characterization.

Step 5.

Preparation of (5)-2-(2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65F): To a solution of (S)-2-(2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl pivalate (65E) in t-butyl acetate at 0° C., was added HClO₄ (perchloric acid) (5.45 ml) slowly, stirred at 0° C. for 5 min, then the reaction mixture was warmed up to rt and stirred for 3hs. The mixture was diluted by EtOAc, washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, dry over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 65F (9 g, 85%).

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.23 (d, J=1 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58-5.54 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.16-4.12 (m, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 1.154 (s, 9H), 1.151 (s, 9H).

Step 6.

Preparation of (S)-2-(2-amino-7-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65H): To a solution of S)-2-(2-bromo-6-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (9 g, 21.63 mmol) in EtOH (50 ml) and EtOAc (50 ml) was added Pt/C (1.5 g), attached with a balloon of H₂. More Pt/C (500 mg) was added after 3 h. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for another 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered over celite, concentrated down to give product (S)-2-(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methylphenyl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65G) and went to next step without purification. To a solution of (S)-2-(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methylphenyl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65G) (21.63 mmol) in HOAc/THF (80 ml, 1:1) was added KSCN at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. Then Br₂ was added slowly, reacted at 0° C. The reaction was quenched by adding sat. NaHSO₃, extracted by EtOAc, dried over MgSO₄, purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-40% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 65H (2.3 g, 24% over 2 steps).

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.51 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 9H), 1.10 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₉H₂₇BrN₂O₄S: 443.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 443.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 7.

Preparation of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-chloro-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65I): The reaction mixture of (S)-2-(2-amino-7-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65H) (100 mg, 0.226 mmol), t-butyl nitrite (32 ul, 0.271 mmol), CuCl₂ (36 mg, 0.271 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 ml) was reacted at rt. The reaction mixture was diluted by EtOAc, washed by water, extracted by EtOAc, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-40% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 651 (90 mg, 86%).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₉H₂₅ClBrNO₃S: 462.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 462.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 8.

Preparation of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65J): The reaction mixture of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-chloro-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65I) (90 mg, 0.195 mmol), NaOMe in MeOH (25% wt, 66 ul) in MeOH (3 ml) was heated at 50° C. for 20 min in sealed microwave vial. The reaction mixture was washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 65J (70 mg, 79%).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₀H₂₈BrNO₄S: 458.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 458.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 9.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (65K): The reaction mixture of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65K) (70 mg, 0.153 mmol), 2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-ylboronic acid hydrochloride (58 mg, 0.23 mmol), 2N K₂CO₃ (380 ul), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (17 mg, 0.015 mmol) in DME (3 ml) was heated at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in Hexanes to give 65K.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₅S: 549.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 549.0 (M+H⁺).

Step 10.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethanol: The mixture of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (65K) (20 mg, 0.036 mmol), 2N NaOH (360 ul) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 2 ml) was stirred at 40° C. overnight. The reaction mixture then was washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in Hexanes to give the product (11 mg).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₄S: 465.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 465.7 (M+H⁺).

Step 11.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (66): To a solution of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethanol (11 mg, 0.024 mmol) in wet acetonitrile (0.75% v H2O), was added stock solution of H₆IO₅/CrO₃ (0.439 mmol, 500 ul) at 0° C. After the reaction was finished, the reaction was quenched by adding 1.5 M K₂HPO₄, extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was washed by NaHSO₃/brine(1:1), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 20-80% EtOAc in hexanes to give 66 (3.1 mg).

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.63 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H); 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.54 (s, 1H); 7.38 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 5.08 (s, 1H); 4.58-4.53 (m, 2H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 3.39 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.61 (s, 3H); 0.87 (s, 9H) ppm.

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₂₇N₂O₅S: 479.16 (M+H⁺); Found: 479.00, 480.02 (M+H⁺).

Example 26 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (68)

Compound 68: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.66 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 7.69 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 7.29 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 7.16 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 6.97 (s, 1H); 4.94 (s, 1H); 4.59 (dd, J₁=5.2 Hz, J₂=9.6 Hz, 2H); 3.44 (s, 3H); 3.39 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H); 2.64 (2, 3H); 0.90 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₂₇N₂O₅S: 479-0.16 (M+H⁺); Found: 479.04, 480.06 (M+H⁺).

Step 1.

Preparation of (S)-2-(2-(benzyloxy)-7-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (67A): NaH (415 mg, 10.38 mmol) was added to BnOH, stirred at rt for 0.5 h. The NaOBn solution was transferred to a flask charged with (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-chloro-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (65I) (1.6 g, 3.46 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 45 min. The reaction mixture was washed by sat NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was washed by brine, dry over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down, distilled most NaOH off. The residue was purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.52-7.24 (m, 6H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 5.57-5.45 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.18-4.12 (m, 1H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 18H).

Step 2.

Preparation of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (67B): The mixture of (S)-2-(2-(benzyloxy)-7-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (67A), Pd/C (800 mg) in EtOAc/EtOH (10 ml, 1:1) was charged into a flask with H₂ balloon, and stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered over celite, concentrated down, purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes to give 67B (850 mg).

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.99 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 5.45 (t, J=7 Hz, 4.26-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.09 (m, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 1.13 (s, 18H).

Step 3.

Preparation of (S)-2-(7-bromo-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (67C): To a solution of (S)-2-(7-bromo-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (67B) (40 mg, 0.090 mmol) in THF (1 ml) was added KOtBu (0.14 ml, 0.135 mmol, 1M in THF) slowly at −78° C. After 15 min, MeI (8.5 ul, 0.135 mmol) was added at −78° C. and stirred at −78° C. for 15 min. Then the reaction was reacted at rt for 3hs. The reaction mixture was washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes to give 67C (30 mg, 73%).

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 6.79 (s, 1H), 5.49-5.45 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.23 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 18H).

Step 4.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (67D): The reaction mixture of (S)-2-(7-bromo-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (67C) (20 mg, 0.044 mmol), 2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-ylboronic acid hydrochloride (16.5 mg, 0.066 mmol), 2N K₂CO₃ (0.12 ml, 0.22 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (5.0 mg, 0.0044 mmol) in DME(1 ml) was heated at 120° C. in sealed microwave vial for 3hs. The reaction mixture was washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-60% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product (15 mg, 62%).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₅S: 549.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 549.0 (M+H⁺).

The remainder of the synthesis of compound 68 is analogous to the preparation of compound 66 from compound 65K in example 25.

Example 27 Preparation of compound (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-isopropoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (70)

Compound 70: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.60 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 7.76 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.57 (s, 1H); 7.28-7.26 (m, 1H); 7.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 5.37-5.30 (m, 1H); 4.97 (s, 1H); 4.61-4.57 (m, 2H); 3.39 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H); 2.64 (s, 3H); 1.39 (dd, J₁=6.4 Hz, J₂=14 Hz, 6H); 0.91 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₅S: 507.19 (M+H⁺); Found: 507.01, 508.07 (M+H⁺).

Step 1.

Preparation of (S)-2-(7-bromo-5-methyl-2-oxo-3-((2-(trimethylsilypethoxy)methyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (69A): Prepared by the similar method to make (S)-2-(7-bromo-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (67C) in example 26 from 67B using 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (SEMCl) instead of methyl iodide.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.05 (s, 1H); 5.53-5.49 (s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 4.32-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 1H), 3.66 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 1.19 (s, 18H), 0.97-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.00 (s, 9H).

Step 2.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (69B): prepared by the similar method to make 67D from 67C in Example 26.

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₃₆H₄₈N₂O₆SSi: 665.3 (M+H⁺); Found: 664.9 (M+H⁺).

Step 3.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (69C): The reaction mixture of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (69B) (250 mg, 0.376 mmol), TBAF (1M in THF, 1.1 ml, 1.1 mmol) in DME was heated at 120° C. in sealed microwave vial for 3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down, washed by sat. NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes to give 69C (30 mg, 15%).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅S: 535.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 535.0 (M+H⁺).

Step 4.

Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-isopropoxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (69D): The reaction mixture of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de] quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl pivalate (69C) (30 mg, 0.056 mmol), Ag₂CO₃ (50% wt on celite, 310 mg, 0.56 mmol), isopropy bromide (160 ul, 1.68 mmol) in benzene/DME (1:1, 2 ml) was heated at 70° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was washed by water, extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-60% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product (15 mg, 46%).

LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₃₃H₄₀N₂O₅S: 577.3 (M+H⁺); Found: 577.0 (M+H⁺).

The remainder of the synthesis of compound 70 is analogous to the preparation of compound 66 from compound 65K in example 25.

Example 28 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3-(2-(trifluoromethypbenzyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (71)

Compound 71 was prepared from compound 69C according to the procedure used to prepare compound 67C (except that 1-(bromomethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene was used instead of methyl iodide) in Example 26, and the remainder of the synthesis of compound 71 is analogous to the preparation of compound 66 from compound 65K in example 25.

Compound 71: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.72 (s, 1H); 7.76-7.73 (m, 2H); 7.50 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.42 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H); 7.33 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 7.2 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.13 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.72 (s, 1H); 5.34 (s, 1H); 4.95 (s, 1H); 4.65-4.60 (m, 2H); 3.42 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H); 2.52 (2, 3H); 0.88 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −60.73. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₃H₃₀F₃N₂O₄S: 623.18 (M+H⁺); Found: 623.09, 624.09 (M+H⁺).

Example 29 Preparation of (S)-2-((S)-3-benzyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (72)

Compound 72 was prepared from compound 69C according to the procedure used to prepare compound 67C (except that benzyl bromide was used instead of methyl iodide) in Example 26, and the remainder of the synthesis of compound 71 is analogous to the preparation of compound 66 from compound 65K in example 25.

Compound 72: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.67 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 7.37-7.36 (m, 4H); 7.34-7.29 (m, 2H); 7.16 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 6.92 (s, 1H); 5.21-5.01 (dd, J₁=15.6 Hz, J₂=79.6 Hz, 2H); 4.92 (s, 1H); 4.63-41.56 (m, 2H); 3.39 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H); 2.55 (s, 3H); 0.88 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₂H₃₁N₂O₅S: 555.19 (M+H⁺); Found: 555.08, 556.12 (M+H⁺).

Example 30 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3-(3-(trifluoromethypbenzyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (73)

Compound 73 was prepared from compound 69C according to the procedure used to prepare compound 67C (except that 1-(bromomethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene was used instead of methyl iodide) in Example 26, and the remainder of the synthesis of compound 71 is analogous to the preparation of compound 66 from compound 65K in example 25.

Compound 73: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.68 (s, 1H); 7.71 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.64 (s, 1H); 7.59 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H); 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H); 7.32 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H); 7.18 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 6.87 (s, 1H); 5.25-5.06 (dd, J₁=16 Hz, J₂=63.2 Hz, 2H); 4.94 (s, 1H); 4.65-4.59 (m, 2H); 3.43 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 2.56 (s, 3H); 0.88 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₄S: 623.18 (M+H⁺); Found: 623.04, 624.09 (M+H⁺).

Example 31 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (74)

Compound 74 was prepared from compound 69C according to the procedure used to prepare compound 67C (except that 1-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene was used instead of methyl iodide) in Example 26, and the remainder of the synthesis of compound 71 is analogous to the preparation of compound 66 from compound 65K in example 25.

Compound 74: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 8.67 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H); 7.70 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.31 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 6.86 (s, 1H); 5.25-5.07 (dd, J₁=16, J₂=56.8 Hz, 2H); 4.93 (s, 1H); 4.63-4.58 (m, 2H); 3.40 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H); 2.56 (s, 3H); 0.88 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₃H₃₀F₃N₂O₅S: 623.18 (M+H⁺); Found: 623.06, 624.14 (M+H⁺).

Example 32 Preparation of (S)-2-((S)-2-(azetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-4-fluoro-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (76)

Compound 76: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.65 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H); 7.70 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.39 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H); 7.16 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 5.04 (s, 1H); 4.57 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 4.15-4.10 (m, 4H); 3.41 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.50-2.46 (m, 6H); 0.90 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z):

[M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₃O₄S: 522.19 (M+H⁺); Found: 521.99, 523.00 (M+H⁺).

Step 1.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-bromo-7-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (75A): To a solution of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-bromo-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (32): (500 mg, 0.938 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added TBAF (1.0 M in THF, 4 ml) slowly. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was washed by a mixture of H₂O (20 ml) and HOAc(200 ul), extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was washed by sat. NaHCO₃, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes to give 75A (380 mg). LCMS-ESr: calc'd for C₁₆H₂₀BrNO₄S: 402.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 401.9 (M+H⁺).

Step 2.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-bromo-4-fluoro-7-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (75B): The reaction mixture of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-bromo-7-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (75A) (380 mg, 0.948 mmol), Selectfluor (1.9 g, 4.74 mmol) in acetonitrile (7 ml) was reacted at 0° C. for 5 days. The reaction mixture was washed by 1.5 M KH₂PO₄, extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes to give 75B (137 mg, 35%). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₆H₁₉FNO₄S: 420.0 (M+H⁺); Found: 420.1 (M+H⁺).

Step 3.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-(azetidin-1-yl)-4-fluoro-7-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (75C): Prepared by the similar method to make (S)-ethyl 2-(2-(azetidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (33) in Example 10. LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₁₉H₂₅FN₂O₄S: 397.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 397.0 (M+H⁺).

Step 4.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-(2-(azetidin-1-yl)-4-fluoro-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (75D): The reaction mixture of S)-ethyl 2-(2-(azetidin-1-yl)-4-fluoro-7-hydroxy-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetate (75C) (50 mg, 0.126 mmol), N-phenyl triflimite (90 mg, 0.252 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (82 mg, 0.126 mmol) in THF (2 ml) was stirred at rt. After the reaction finished, the reaction was washed by sat NaHCO₃, extracted by EtOAc, the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated down and purified by silica gel column, eluting by 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes to give 75D (50 mg, 75%). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₀H₂₄F₄N₂O₆S₂: 529.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 529.0 (M+H⁺).

The remainder of the synthesis of compound 76 is analogous to the preparation of compound 35 from compound 33 in example 10.

Example 33 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-cyclopentenyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (78) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-2-cyclopentenyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (79)

Compound 78: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.78 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.99 (s, 1H); 7.90 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.85 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.43 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 6.58 (s, 1H); 5.23 (s, 1H); 4.72-4.69 (m, 2H); 3.66 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H); 2.85-2.83 (m, 2H): 2.76 (s, 3H); 2.56 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.02 (m, 2H); 0.941 (s, 9H).

Compound 79: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.71 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.22 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.97 (s, 1H); 7.77 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 7.47 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 6.56 (s, 1H); 5.27 (s, 1H); 4.70 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 3.63 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H); 2.84-2.83 (m, 2H); 2.72 (s, 3H); 2.55-2.54 (m, 2H); 2.07-2.03 (m, 2H); 0.94 (s, 9H).

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-tert-butoxy-2-(2-cyclopentenyl-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetate (77). To a solution of 32 (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) in toluene (1 mL), ethanol (0.5 mL), water (0.5 mL) was added potassium carbonate (77 mg, 0.56 mmol), cyclopentenylboronic acid (25 mg, 0.22 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (11 mg, 0.0094 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with water and EtOAc. The layers were separated, dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes) to give 96 mg of 77. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.82 (s, 1H), 6.72 (m, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 4.11 (m, 1H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 2.63 (m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 1.17 (s, 9H), 1.13 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H).

The remainder of the synthesis of 78 and 79 follows the same route as Example 10 from compound 33.

Example 34 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-cyclopentyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (80) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-2-cyclopentyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (81)

Compound 80 was prepared from compound 78 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 8F from 8E in Example 4.

Compound 80: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.77 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 7.96 (s, 1H); 7.88 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.83 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 7.42 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 5.23 (s, 1H); 4.73-4.69 (m, 2H); 3.67-3.64 (m, 2H); 3.53-3.44 (m, 1H); 2.75 (s, 1H); 2.17-2.14 (m, 2H); 1.81-1.71 (m, 6H); 0.90 (s, 9H).

Compound 81 was prepared from compound 79 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 77 from 8E in Example 4.

Compound 81: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.67 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.15 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 7.90 (s, 11-1); 7.68 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.41 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.27 (s, 1H); 4.69-4.65 (m, 2H); 4.67 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H); 3.59 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 3.50-3.42 (m, 1H); 2.71 (s, 3H); 2.16-2.13 (m, 2H); 1.78-1.70 (m, 6H); 0.90 (s, 9H).

Example 35 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-cyclobutyl-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (82)

Compound 82 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 77 in Example 33, except cyclobutyl zinc bromide was used instead of cyclopentenylboronic acid.

Compound 82: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.79 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.87 (dd, J=13.1, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 4.71 (dt, J=11.5, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (p, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 3H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.05 (m, 1H), 0.91 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₁N₂O₄S: 503.20 (M+H⁺); Found: 503.07, 504.10 (M+H⁺).

Example 36 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-isobutyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (83) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-isobutyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (84)

Compounds 83 and 84 were prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 77 in Example 33, except tributyl(2-methylprop-1-enyl)stannane was used instead of cyclopentenylboronic acid. Also, hydrogenation was performed according to the procedure used to prepare 8F from 8E in Example 4.

Compound 83: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.74 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 4.69 (m, 2H), 3.61 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.90 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 6H), 0.91 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₂O₄S: 505.22 (M+H⁺); Found: 505.06, 506.06 (M+H⁺).

Compound 84: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ 8.65 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.65 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (s, 4H), 0.97 (dd, J=6.6, 3.2 Hz, 7H), 0.88 (s, 10H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₂O₄S: 505.22 (M+H⁺); Found: 505.01, 506.07 (M+H⁺).

Example 37 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-cyclopropyl-7-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[de]chromen-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (85)

Compound 85 was prepared from compound 18 according to the procedure used to prepare compounds 19 and 20 (except that 2,3-dihydrobenzo[de]chromen-7-ylboronic acid was used instead of 2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-ylboronic acid) in Example 9.

Compound 85: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.70 (s, 1H); 7.29-7.19 (m, 4H), 6.95 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 1H), 4.48-4.45 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.32-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.20-1.18 (m, 2H), 1.056-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.96 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₂₉NO₄S: 488.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 488.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 38 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (86) and (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((R)-7-(5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (87)

Compounds 86 and 87 was prepared from compound 18 according to the procedure used to prepare compounds 19 and 20 (except that 5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-ylboronic acid was used instead of 2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-ylboronic acid) in Example 9.

Compound 86: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.63 (d, J=0.4 Hz, 1H); 6.74 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 4.26 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.51-3.49 (m, 2H), 2.65 (d, J=0.4 Hz, 3H), 2.40-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.26-1.23 (m, 2H), 1.13-1.11 (m, 2H), 1.09 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₂₇ClN₂O₄S: 487.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 487.1 (M+H⁺).

Compound 87: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 7.60 (s, 1H); 6.83-6.78 (m, 2H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.27-4.24 (m, 2H), 3.51-3.48 (m, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.23 (m, 2H), 1.13-1.12 (m, 2H), 1.01 (s, 9H).

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₂₇ClN₂O₄S: 487.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 487.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 39 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (88)

Compound 88 was prepared from compound 32 according to the procedure used to prepare compound 77 in Example 33, except propen-2-yl-(tri-n-butyl)tin was used instead of cyclopentenylboronic acid. Also, hydrogenation was performed according to the procedure used to prepare 8F from 8E in Example 4.

Compound 88: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.70 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 4.70-4.61 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.09 (m, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 1.36 (m, 6H), 0.90 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺: calc'd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₄S: 491.2 (M+H⁺); found: 491.4 (M+H⁺).

Example 40 Preparation of (S)-2-((S)-2-(azetidin-1-yl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-(tert-pentyloxy)acetic acid (89)

Compound 89: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.75 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.69-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 4H), 3.61-3.55 (m, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.42 (m, 2H), 0.87 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 6H), 0.59 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CD₃OD) 8-77.77. LCMS: calc'd=518.64, observed: 518.08

Preparation of 90: A slurry of 31 (740 mg, 1.55 mmol) in tert-amyl acetate (7.0 mL) was treated with 70% aq. HClO₄ (5 μL) was added at 23° C. Reaction became cloudy, but LCMS analysis indicated minimal conversion. More 70% aq. HClO₄ (50 μL) was introduced. After 2 h, the reaction was added dropwise over 5 min to sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL). H₂O (10 mL) was added, and the system was extracted with DCM (3×20 mL). Combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and treated with hexane (10 mL). The system was concentrated again to remove some residual t-amyl alcohol. The residue was treated with PhH and loaded onto a 12 gram “gold” ISCO silica gel column. Chromatography (eluent: Hexanes/Ethyl Acetate) gave 90 (134 mg, 16% yield) along with some recovered 31.

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.80 (s, 1H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 4.24-4.06 (m, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.17 (s, 3H), 1.16 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 3H), 0.80 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR: 376 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: −73.8

The remainder of the synthesis of 89 follows the same route as Example 10 from compound 32.

Example 41 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-2-(difluoromethyl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (92)

Compound 92: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.67 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 4.66-4.61 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 1H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.17-3.16 (m, 1H), 3.13 (dd, J=4.1, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H).

Step 1.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-tert-butoxy-2-(5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)-2-vinylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetate (91A): A microwave vial was charged with CuI (9.4 mg, 49 μmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (29 mg, 25 μmol), and 32 (250 mg, 0.494 mmol). The vial was sealed and placed under a vacuum. The vessel was backfilled with argon and charged with DMF (1.0 mL) followed by vinyl-(tri-n-butyl)tin (173 μL, 0593 mmol). Reaction was stirred at 65° C. for 1 h, then cooled to 23° C. Sat. aq. NH₄Cl (40 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). Combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Hexane was added, and the slurry was concentrated again. The residue was treated with PhH and purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: Hexanes/Ethyl Acetate) giving 91A (173 mg, 77% yield). ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=18.6, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (d, J=18.6 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 4.24-4.06 (m, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 1.22 (s, 9H), 1.19 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F-NMR: 376 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 73.8.

Step 2.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-tert-butoxy-2-(2-formyl-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetate (91B): A solution of 91A (170 mg, 0.353 mmol), DCM (5.0 mL), and MeOH (5.0 mL) was cooled to 78° C. and perfused with oxygen gas for 3 min. Then using an ozonator, a stream of O₃ in oxygen gas was bubbled through the solution for 5 min. After this, the reaction was stirred for 10 min, then sparged with oxygen gas for 2 min to drive out unreacted ozone in solution. While the reaction was still at 78° C., dimethylsulfide (200 μL) was added and the reaction allowed to warm to 0° C. After 30 min, 10% w/v aq Na₂S₂O₃ (5 mL) was added and the reaction was warmed to 23° C. and stirred for 10 min. The reaction was diluted with H₂O (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×15 mL). Combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. More DCM was added and the reaction was concentrated once more to remove residual methanol, giving 91B (165 mg, 97% yield). ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 10.04 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 4.22-4.00 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 1.16 (s, 9H), 1.14 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F-NMR: 376 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 73.6.

Step 3.

Preparation of (S)-ethyl 2-tert-butoxy-2-(2-(difluoromethyl)-5-methyl-7-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetate (91C): A solution of Fluolead® (318 mg, 1.27 mmol) in DCM (1.0 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with a solution of 91B (123 mg, 0.254 mmol) in DCM (1.5 mL). The reaction was allowed to warm to 23° C. Absolute EtOH (5 μL) was added to initiate the reaction. After 1 h, additional Fluolead® (318 mg, 1.27 mmol) was added. Once 4 h had passed, 0.5 M aq. NaOH (5 mL) was added, and the reaction reached a pH of 2. DCM (10 mL) was introduced. 1.0 M aq NaOH (˜5 mL) was added dropwise until the pH reached 12. The system was extracted with DCM (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and carefully concentrated to a volume of 3 mL. The system became a suspension, which was then filtered. The filtrate was directly loaded onto a 12 gram “gold” ISCO silica gel column. Purification by chromatography (eluent: Hexanes/Ethyl Acetate) gave 91C (67 mg, 52% yield).

¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 7.97 (s, 1H), 6.92 (t, J_(HF)=44.5 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 4.24-4.08 (m, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.27 (s, 9H), 1.19 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F-NMR: 376 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: −73.7 (3F), −110.6 (app. dd, J_(FF)=4.0 Hz, J_(HF)=44.5 Hz, 2F).

The remainder of the synthesis of 92 follows the same route as Example 10 from compound 33.

Example 42 Preparation of (S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyacetic acid (93)

Compound 93: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, cd₃od) δ 8.73 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 4.68 (m, 4H), 3.64-3.57 (m, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₃O₅S: 506.17 (M+H⁺); Found: 506.02, 507.03 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of compound (S)-2-(2-acetamido-7-bromo-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-tert-butoxyethyl pivalate (94). To a solution of 65H in CH₂Cl₂ was added pyridine, acetic anyhydride, and trace DMAP. Upon consumption of starting material by LC-MS, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography to give 94.

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₉BrN₂O₄S: 487.1 (M+H⁺); Found: 486.9 (M+H⁺).

The remainder of the synthesis of compound 93 is analogous to the preparation of compound 66 from compound 65J in example 25

Example 43 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (95)

Compound 95 was a by-product in the preparation of 40.

Compound 95: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 9.40 (s, 1H); 8.82 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 8.17 (s, 1H); 7.93 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.89 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 7.46 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 5.27 (s, 1H); 4.76-4.71 (m, 2H); 3.69 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.81 (s, 3H); 0.92 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₂₄N₂O₄S: 449.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 449.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 44 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-(methylcarbamoyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (97)

Compound 97: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.77 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 8.18-8.15 (m, 1H); 7.91 (m, 1H); 7.84 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.26 (s, 1H); 4.75-4.71 (m, 2H); 3.67 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.93 (s, 3H); 2.79 (s, 3H); 0.92 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₇N₃O₅S: 506.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 506.0 (M+H⁺).

Step 1.

Preparation of (S)-6-((S)-1-tert-butoxy-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxylic acid (96A): To a solution of compound 38 (40 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 2 mL) was added a NaOH solution (2 M, 100 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. A saturated solution of NH₄Cl was added, and the aqueous was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 95A. ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.63 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (br s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=6 Hz), 7.21 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 4.58 (m, 2H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.46 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.03 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H).

Step 2.

To a solution of 96A (15 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added carbonyldiimidazole (10 mg) and then methylamine (solution in MeOH, 100 μL). Once conversion is complete by LC-MS, the solution was concentrated to give crude 96B. Then THF/MeOH added (1:1, 1 mL) followed by NaOH solution (2 M, 100 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 55-60° C. for 4 h. Purified by reverse phase HPLC to give 3.8 mg of 97.

Example 45 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-5-methyl-2-(phenethylcarbamoyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (98)

Compound 98 was prepared from compound 96A according to the procedure used to prepare compound 97 (except that 2-phenylethanamine was used instead of methylamine) in Example 44.

Compound 98: ¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, (CD₃OD) δ: 8.76 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 8.17 (s, 1H); 7.90 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H); 7.82 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H); 7.43 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H); 7.20 (m, 5H), 5.26 (s, 1H); 4.71 (m, 2H); 3.64 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); 2.91 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (m, 2H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₄H₃₃N₃O₅S: 596.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 596.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 46 Preparation of (S)-2-tert-butoxy-2-((S)-7-(2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]quinolin-7-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)acetic acid (99)

Compound 99 was prepared from compound 96A according to the procedure used to prepare compound 97 (except that 4-methoxybenzylamine was used instead of methylamine) in Example 44.

Compound 99: LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₄H₃₃N₃O₆S: 612.2 (M+H⁺); Found: 612.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 47

The following illustrate representative pharmaceutical dosage forms, containing a compound of formula I (‘Compound X’), for therapeutic or prophylactic use in humans.

(i) Tablet 1 mg/tablet Compound X = 100.0 Lactose 77.5 Povidone 15.0 Croscarmellose sodium 12.0 Microcrystalline cellulose 92.5 Magnesium stearate 3.0 300.0

(ii) Tablet 2 mg/tablet Compound X = 20.0 Microcrystalline cellulose 410.0 Starch 50.0 Sodium starch glycolate 15.0 Magnesium stearate 5.0 500.0

(iii) Capsule mg/capsule Compound X = 10.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 1.5 Lactose 465.5 Pregelatinized starch 120.0 Magnesium stearate 3.0 600.0

(iv) Injection 1 (1 mg/mL) mg/ml Compound X = (free acid form) 1.0 Dibasic sodium phosphate 12.0 Monobasic sodium phosphate 0.7 Sodium chloride 4.5 1.0N Sodium hydroxide solution q.s. (pH adjustment to 7.0-7.5) Water for injection q.s. ad 1 mL

(v) Injection 2 (10 mg/ml) mg/ml Compound X = (free acid form) 10.0 Monobasic sodium phosphate 0.3 Dibasic sodium phosphate 1.1 Polyethylene glycol 400 200.0 0.1N Sodium hydroxide solution q.s. (pH adjustment to 7.0-7.5) Water for injection q.s. ad 1 mL

(vi) Aerosol mg/can Compound X = 20.0 Oleic acid 10.0 Trichloromonofluoromethane 5,000.0 Dichlorodifluoromethane 10,000.0 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 5,000.0 The above formulations may be obtained by conventional procedures well known in the pharmaceutical art.

All publications, patents, and patent documents are incorporated by reference herein, as though individually incorporated by reference. The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula I:

wherein: G¹ is S, G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a single bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or G¹ is N, G² is S, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a double bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or G¹ is S, G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a single bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen; R¹ is R^(1a) or R^(1b); R² is R^(2a) or R^(2b); R³ is R^(3a) or R^(2b); R^(3′) is R^(3a′) or R^(3b′); R⁴ is R^(4a) or R^(4b); R⁵ is R^(5a) or R^(5b); R⁶ is R^(6a) or R^(6b); R^(1a) is selected from: a) halo; b) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; and c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹⁰ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl; R^(1b) is selected from: a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇) carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₆) carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle; wherein aryl heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f); wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl, as part of a group, is independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and h) nitro and cyano; R^(2a) is selected from: a) halo; b) R¹¹, C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloallyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; and c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R″ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl; R^(2b) is selected from: a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₆)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl and X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle, wherein aryl heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)allyl-NR_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl, as part of a group, is independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and h) nitro and cyano; or R¹ and R² together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle, wherein the 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle are optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; or R¹ and R² together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle, wherein the 5 or 6-membered carbocycle or a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ or Z⁸ groups, or wherein when two Z⁷ groups are on same atom the two Z⁷ groups together with the atom to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle; R^(3a) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)allyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle and —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl of R^(3a) is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, oxo and —CN; and R^(3a′) is H; R^(3b) is —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylOH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkellyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)R_(b), —(C₂-C₆)alkylOC(O)—NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—OR_(b), —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—NR_(a)R_(b), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heteroaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylOC(O)—NR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—OR_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—C(O)—NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)allyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—NR_(a)R_(b), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)—SO₂—(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)allyl-NR_(a)—SO₂-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl or —SO₂heterocycle, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heteroaryl or heterocycle of R^(3b), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and R^(3b′) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl; or R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a heterocycle or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, which heterocycle or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle of R^(3b) and R^(3b′) together with the carbon to which they are attached is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; R^(4a) is selected from aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl of R^(4a) is optionally substituted with one or more groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)allyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloallyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)allyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo; R^(4b) is selected from; a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each optionally substituted with one or Z¹ groups; b) (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle, wherein (C₃-C₁₄)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle; c) Spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heterocycle, wherein spiro-heterocycle or bridged-heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle; and d) aryl, heteroaryl, spiro-heterocycle, fused-heterocycle, or bridged-heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl, Spiro-heterocycle, fused-heterocycle and bridged-heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; or R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached form a macroheterocycle or a macrocarbocycle, wherein any macroheterocycle or macrocarbocycle of R⁴ and R³ together with the atoms to which they are attached may be optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and R^(3b′) is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R^(5a) is selected from: a) halo; b) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(o)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; and c) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹⁰ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl; R^(5b) is selected from: a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₆)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloallyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle or bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)allyl is substituted with one or more Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; d) —X(C₁-C₆)allyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloallyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; g) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; h) nitro and cyano; i) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and j) oxo; R^(6a) is selected from: a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl_R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O_R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and a (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R^(H) is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; and b) —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R″ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylaryl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; R^(6b) is selected from: a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹⁴, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)allyl-Z¹³, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; b) spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, wherein any spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, fused-bicyclic carbocycle and bridged-bicyclic carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, or wherein two Z¹ groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached optionally form a (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle wherein the (C₃-C₇)carbocycle or heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted with one or Z² groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; d) —X(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —X(C₁-C₆)alky and —X(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, are each independently substituted with one or more Z³ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, and wherein —X(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —X(C₂-C₆)alkynyl and —X(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁴ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; e) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Xaryl, —Xheteroaryl and —Xheterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, either alone or as part of a group, are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; f) (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and g) —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—N_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; each X is independently selected from O, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylO—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)O—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS—, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)— and —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂—; each Z¹ is independently selected from halo, —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —SH, —CN, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)carbocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d); each Z² is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, spiro-heterocycle, bridge-heterocycle, spiro-bicyclic carbocycle, bridged-bicyclic carbocycle, NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl; each Z³ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —OH, oxo, ═NOR., thioxo, aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl; each Z⁴ is independently selected from halogen, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, oxo, ═NOR_(a), thioxo, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl; each Z⁵ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteraryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heterocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)alkyl, —NR_(a)C(O)alkenyl, —NR_(a)C(O)alkynyl, —NR_(a)C(O) (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)aryl, —NR_(a)C(O)heteroaryl, —NR_(a)C(O)heterocycle, —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d) and —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b); each Z⁶ is independently selected from —NO₂, —CN, —NR_(a)R_(a), NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂hetero aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂aryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteraryl, —NR_(a)SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, wherein any aryl, of Z⁶, either alone or as part of a group, is otionally substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —CN or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; each Z⁷ is independently selected from —NO₂, ═NOR_(a), —CN, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkenylOH, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-Z¹², —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-OH, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z¹², —(C₁-C₆)haloalkylOH, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹², —(C₃-C₇)carbocycleOH, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —O(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z¹², —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —S(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkylNR_(a)SO₂R_(a), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z⁷, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d). each Z⁸ is independently selected from —NO₂ or —CN; each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)allyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂; ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and iii) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, which aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or COOH; each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl; each Z¹² is independently selected from —NO₂, ═NOR_(a), thioxo, aryl, heterocycle, -heteroaryl, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocyle, —Oaryl, —Oheterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocyle, —Saryl, —Sheterocycle, —Sheteroaryl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocyle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, SO₂aryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂heteroaryl, —NR_(a)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocyle and —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl; each Z¹³ is independently selected from —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —SH, —CN, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloallyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹³, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d); each Z¹⁴ is independently selected from —NO₂, ═NOR_(a)—CN, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), wherein any —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle of Z¹⁴, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d); each Z¹⁵ is independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z¹⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups, and wherein any —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aryl, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heteroaryl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl-heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; each Z¹⁶ is independently selected from —NO₂, —OH, ═NOR_(a), —SH, —CN, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —O(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —O(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —Saryl, —Sheteroaryl, —Sheterocycle, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —S(O)(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —S(O)(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)aryl, —S(O)carbocycle, —S(O)heteroaryl, —S(O)heterocycle, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —SO₂(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —SO₂(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —SO₂aryl, —SO₂heteroaryl, —SO₂heterocycle, —SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(c)C(O)R_(d), —NR_(a)C(O)R_(a), —NR_(a)C(O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)C(O)NR_(c)R_(d)—NR_(a)SO₂R_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —OS(O)₂R_(a), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(b), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), and —OC(O)NR_(c)R_(d), wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹⁶, either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —OH, —OR_(b), —CN, —NR_(a)C(O)₂R_(b), -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocycle, —NHheteroaryl, —NHheterocycle or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d); each R_(a) is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(a), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, OH or cyano; each R_(b) is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(b), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, OH and cyano; R_(c) and R_(d) are each independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, heterocycle, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)allyl-, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl of R_(c) or R_(d), either alone or as part of a group, is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, OH or cyano; or R_(c) and R_(d) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocycle, wherein any heterocycle of R_(c) and R_(d) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, OH or cyano; each R_(e) is independently selected from —OR_(a), (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)carbocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; (C₂-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, wherein any (C₂-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more Z₁ groups; and aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more Z₅ groups; each R_(f) is independently selected from —R_(g), —OR_(a), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-Z⁶, —SO₂R_(g), —C(O)R_(g), C(O)OR_(g) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(g); and each R_(g) is independently selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl of R_(g) is optionally substituted with one or more Z₁ groups; or a salt thereof.
 2. The compound claim 1 wherein: G¹ is S, G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a single bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or G¹ is S, G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G¹ is a single bond, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen.
 3. The compound of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein R¹ is H or halo.
 4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3 wherein R^(3′) is H.
 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compounds of formula I are compounds of formula Ih or salts thereof:

wherein: G² is N, the dashed bond connected to G² is a double bond, and the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a single bond; or G² is NR⁶, the dashed bond connected to G² is a single bond, the wavy bond connected to R⁵ is a double bond and R⁵ is oxygen.
 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-5 wherein R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₂-C₆)alkenyl of R^(1a) is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo, oxo and —CN.
 7. The compound of any one of claims 1-5 wherein R³ is —OC(CH₃)₃.
 8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7 wherein R⁴ is selected from: a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)allyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo; and b) aryl, heteroaryl, spiro-heterocycle, fused-heterocycle, or bridged-heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl, spiro-heterocycle, fused-heterocycle, or bridged-heterocycle are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.
 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-7 wherein R⁴ is selected from: a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo; and b) aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are each independently substituted with one or more Z⁷ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups.
 10. The compound of any one of claims 1-7 wherein R⁴ is selected from aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein any aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl of R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more groups each independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, wherein (C₁-C₆)alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano or oxo.
 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-7 wherein R⁴ is:


12. The compound of any one of claims 1-7 wherein R⁴ is:


13. The compound of any one of claims 1-12 wherein R² is halo, H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 14. The compound of any one of claims 1-12 wherein R² is halo, H or —CH₃.
 15. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—R¹¹, —S—R¹¹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(O)—R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl; c)-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylS(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₆)carbocycle, —(C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₃-C₇)halocarbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(a)SO₂O(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —NR_(a)SO₂Oaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-heterocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-aryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heteroaryl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-heterocycle, —(C₃-C₇)carbocycle-Z¹ or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl-Z³, wherein any (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, either alone or as a group is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; d) —NR_(e)R_(f), —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —OC(O)NR_(e)R_(f), —SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkylC(O)—NR_(e)R_(f), —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—C(O)—NR_(e)R_(f) and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂NR_(e)R_(f), wherein each (C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently substituted with one or more Z⁶ groups and optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and e) oxo.
 16. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹ and —O—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰; wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl; c) —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; d) —NR_(e)R_(f) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f); and e) oxo.
 17. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹ and —O—R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl; c) —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle, wherein —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and d) —NR_(e)R_(f) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f).
 18. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, heterocycle, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹ and —O—R¹¹, wherein heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups and wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocycle, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups; b) —N(R⁹)R¹⁰ and —C(═O)—N(R⁹)R¹⁰, wherein each R⁹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and each R¹¹ is independently selected from R¹¹, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-R¹¹, —SO₂—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R¹¹, —C(═O)OR¹¹ and —C(═O)N(R⁹)R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl; c) —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle; wherein —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl-(C₃-C₇)carbocycle is optionally substituted with one or more Z¹ groups; and d) —NR_(e)R_(f) and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f).
 19. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from:


20. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is oxo and R⁶ is selected from R¹¹ and —(C₁-C₆)allyl-R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more Z¹¹ groups.
 21. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is oxo and R⁶ is selected from:


22. The compound of claim 1 selected from:

and salts thereof.
 23. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and c) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.
 24. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.
 25. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) aryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and c) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.
 26. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; b) aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl are heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; and c) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups; each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl; wherein each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from: i) halo, oxo, thioxo, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆)allyl, —O(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —SH, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₆)allyl and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂; ii) (C₁-C₆)alkyl substituted with —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)haloallyl, or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and iii) aryl, which aryl is optionally substituted with halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl or COOH; and each Z¹¹ is independently selected from Z¹⁰, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(═O)—N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)₂, —C(═O)-aryl, —C(═O)-heterocycle and —C(═O)-heteroaryl;
 27. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl, wherein aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and b) aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, wherein aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.
 28. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from: a) aryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) Z¹¹ groups; and b) aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl, are each independently substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹⁵ groups and optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) Z¹ groups.
 29. The compound of any one of claims 23-27 wherein and Z¹⁶ is independently selected from (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle and —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, wherein any, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle of Z¹⁶, is optionally substituted with one or more (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 30. The compound of any one of claims 1-14 wherein R⁵ is selected from:


31. The compound of claim 1 selected from:

and salts thereof.
 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I as described in any one of claims 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 33. A method of treating an HIV infection in a mammal comprising administering a compound of formula I as described in any one of claims 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal.
 34. A method for treating an HIV infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I as described in any one of claims 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting HIV protease inhibiting compounds, HIV non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, gp41 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, gp120 inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, capsid polymerization inhibitors, and other drug for treating HIV, and combinations thereof.
 35. A compound of formula I as described in any of claims 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medical therapy.
 36. The use of a compound of formula I as described in any one of claims 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating an HIV infection in a mammal.
 37. A compound of formula I as described in any one of claims 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of an HIV infection in a mammal. 